20.1

Problem 20.1

peskinChapter 20

习题 20.1

来源: 第20章, PDF第728页


20.1 Spontaneous breaking of SU(5)SU(5). Consider a gauge theory with the gauge group SU(5)SU(5), coupled to a scalar field Φ\Phi in the adjoint representation. Assume that the potential for this scalar field forces it to acquire a nonzero vacuum expectation value. Two possible choices for this expectation value are

Φ=A(11114)andΦ=B(22233).\langle\Phi\rangle = A \begin{pmatrix} 1 & & & & \\ & 1 & & & \\ & & 1 & & \\ & & & 1 & \\ & & & & -4 \end{pmatrix} \quad \text{and} \quad \langle\Phi\rangle = B \begin{pmatrix} 2 & & & & \\ & 2 & & & \\ & & 2 & & \\ & & & -3 & \\ & & & & -3 \end{pmatrix} .

For each case, work out the spectrum of gauge bosons and the unbroken symmetry group.

习题 20.1 - 解答


1. 规范玻色子质量与对称性破缺的一般分析

设标量场 Φ\Phi 处于 SU(5)SU(5) 的伴随表示,可展开为 Φ=ΦaTa\Phi = \Phi^a T^a,其中 TaT^aSU(5)SU(5) 的生成元,满足归一化条件 Tr(TaTb)=12δab\text{Tr}(T^a T^b) = \frac{1}{2}\delta^{ab}。标量场的动能项为: Lkin=Tr(DμΦDμΦ)\mathcal{L}_{\text{kin}} = \text{Tr}(D_\mu \Phi D^\mu \Phi) 其中协变导数为 DμΦ=μΦig[Aμ,Φ]D_\mu \Phi = \partial_\mu \Phi - ig [A_\mu, \Phi],规范场 Aμ=AμaTaA_\mu = A_\mu^a T^a

Φ\Phi 获得对角的真空期望值 Φ=diag(v1,v2,v3,v4,v5)\langle\Phi\rangle = \text{diag}(v_1, v_2, v_3, v_4, v_5) 时,规范玻色子的质量项来源于动能项中的对应部分: Lmass=g2Tr([Aμ,Φ]2)\mathcal{L}_{\text{mass}} = -g^2 \text{Tr}([A_\mu, \langle\Phi\rangle]^2) 计算对易子的矩阵元 [Aμ,Φ]ij=(Aμ)ij(vjvi)[A_\mu, \langle\Phi\rangle]_{ij} = (A_\mu)_{ij}(v_j - v_i),并利用 AμA_\mu 的厄米性 (Aμ)ji=(Aμ)ij(A^\mu)_{ji} = (A^\mu)_{ij}^*,可得: Lmass=g2i,j(Aμ)ij2(vivj)2=2g2i<j(Aμ)ij2(vivj)2\mathcal{L}_{\text{mass}} = g^2 \sum_{i,j} |(A_\mu)_{ij}|^2 (v_i - v_j)^2 = 2g^2 \sum_{i < j} |(A_\mu)_{ij}|^2 (v_i - v_j)^2 对于每一对 i<ji < j,非对角元素 (Aμ)ij(A_\mu)_{ij} 由两个实规范场 Aμij,1A_\mu^{ij,1}Aμij,2A_\mu^{ij,2} 参数化(对应于正确归一化的非对角生成元): (Aμ)ij=12(Aμij,1iAμij,2)(A_\mu)_{ij} = \frac{1}{2}(A_\mu^{ij,1} - i A_\mu^{ij,2}) 此时 (Aμ)ij2=14[(Aμij,1)2+(Aμij,2)2]|(A_\mu)_{ij}|^2 = \frac{1}{4}[(A_\mu^{ij,1})^2 + (A_\mu^{ij,2})^2],代入质量项得到: Lmass=12g2i<j[(Aμij,1)2+(Aμij,2)2](vivj)2\mathcal{L}_{\text{mass}} = \frac{1}{2} g^2 \sum_{i < j} [(A_\mu^{ij,1})^2 + (A_\mu^{ij,2})^2] (v_i - v_j)^2 与标准质量项 12M2Aμ2\frac{1}{2} M^2 A_\mu^2 对比可知,混合第 ii 和第 jj 分量的规范玻色子质量为: Mij=gvivjM_{ij} = g|v_i - v_j| 未破缺的对称性生成元 TaT^a 必须满足 [Ta,Φ]=0[T^a, \langle\Phi\rangle] = 0,即要求当 vivjv_i \neq v_jTija=0T^a_{ij} = 0。因此,未破缺群由 Φ\langle\Phi\rangle 中简并特征值对应的块对角子群,以及与 Φ\langle\Phi\rangle 成比例的 U(1)U(1) 生成元共同构成。


2. 情形 1 的分析与解答

给定真空期望值: Φ=A(11114)\langle\Phi\rangle = A \begin{pmatrix} 1 & & & & \\ & 1 & & & \\ & & 1 & & \\ & & & 1 & \\ & & & & -4 \end{pmatrix} 特征值为 v1=v2=v3=v4=Av_1=v_2=v_3=v_4=Av5=4Av_5=-4A

  • 未破缺对称群:前四个分量简并,对应一个 SU(4)SU(4) 子群(15个生成元);此外,Φ\langle\Phi\rangle 自身作为一个对角且无迹的生成元,给出一个 U(1)U(1) 子群。因此,未破缺的对称群为: SU(4)×U(1)\boxed{SU(4) \times U(1)}
  • 无质量规范玻色子:对应于未破缺群的生成元,共有 15+1=15 + 1 = 16\boxed{16} 个无质量规范玻色子。
  • 有质量规范玻色子:对应于混合前四个分量(i{1,2,3,4}i \in \{1,2,3,4\})与第五个分量(j=5j=5)的破缺生成元。共有 4×2=4 \times 2 = 8\boxed{8} 个有质量规范玻色子。根据质量公式,它们的质量均为: M=gA(4A)=5gAM = g|A - (-4A)| = \boxed{5g|A|}

3. 情形 2 的分析与解答

给定真空期望值: Φ=B(22233)\langle\Phi\rangle = B \begin{pmatrix} 2 & & & & \\ & 2 & & & \\ & & 2 & & \\ & & & -3 & \\ & & & & -3 \end{pmatrix} 特征值为 v1=v2=v3=2Bv_1=v_2=v_3=2Bv4=v5=3Bv_4=v_5=-3B

  • 未破缺对称群:前三个分量简并,对应一个 SU(3)SU(3) 子群(8个生成元);后两个分量简并,对应一个 SU(2)SU(2) 子群(3个生成元);Φ\langle\Phi\rangle 自身给出一个 U(1)U(1) 子群。因此,未破缺的对称群为(即标准模型规范群): SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)\boxed{SU(3) \times SU(2) \times U(1)}
  • 无质量规范玻色子:对应于未破缺群的生成元,共有 8+3+1=8 + 3 + 1 = 12\boxed{12} 个无质量规范玻色子。
  • 有质量规范玻色子:对应于混合前三个分量(i{1,2,3}i \in \{1,2,3\})与后两个分量(j{4,5}j \in \{4,5\})的破缺生成元。共有 3×2×2=3 \times 2 \times 2 = 12\boxed{12} 个有质量规范玻色子(即 SU(5)SU(5) 大统一模型中的 XXYY 玻色子)。根据质量公式,它们的质量均为: M=g2B(3B)=5gBM = g|2B - (-3B)| = \boxed{5g|B|}
20.2

Problem 20.2

peskinChapter 20

习题 20.2

来源: 第20章, PDF第728页


20.2 Decay modes of the WW and ZZ bosons.

(a) Compute the partial decay widths of the WW boson into pairs of quarks and leptons. Assume that the top quark mass mtm_t is larger than mWm_W, and ignore the other quark masses. The decay widths to quarks are enhanced by QCD corrections. Show that the correction is given, to order αs\alpha_s, by Eq. (17.9). Using sin2θw=0.23\sin^2 \theta_w = 0.23, find a numerical value for the total width of the W+W^+.

(b) Compute the partial decay widths of the ZZ boson into pairs of quarks and leptons, treating the quarks in the same way as in part (a). Determine the total width of the ZZ boson and the fractions of the decays that give hadrons, charged leptons, and invisible modes ννˉ\nu\bar{\nu}.


Referenced Equations:

Equation (17.9):

σ(e+ehadrons)=σ0(3fQf2)[1+αsπ+O(αs2)].(17.9)\sigma(e^+ e^- \rightarrow \text{hadrons}) = \sigma_0 \cdot \left( 3 \sum_f Q_f^2 \right) \cdot \left[ 1 + \frac{\alpha_s}{\pi} + \mathcal{O}(\alpha_s^2) \right]. \tag{17.9}

习题 20.2 - 解答


习题 20.2 分析与解答

(a) WW 玻色子的衰变宽度

WW 玻色子与费米子的相互作用拉格朗日量为: L=g2Wμ+(νˉLγμeL+uˉLγμdL+)+h.c.\mathcal{L} = \frac{g}{\sqrt{2}} W_\mu^+ \left( \bar{\nu}_L \gamma^\mu e_L + \bar{u}_L \gamma^\mu d_L + \dots \right) + \text{h.c.} 其中左手投影算符 PL=1γ52P_L = \frac{1-\gamma^5}{2}。对于 W+ffˉW^+ \to f \bar{f}' 衰变,将费米子近似为无质量,其极化平均和自旋求和的矩阵元平方为: 13spinsM2=13(g2)2(gμν+pμpνmW2)Tr[γμPLp2γνPLp1]\frac{1}{3} \sum_{\text{spins}} |\mathcal{M}|^2 = \frac{1}{3} \left( \frac{g}{\sqrt{2}} \right)^2 \left( -g_{\mu\nu} + \frac{p_\mu p_\nu}{m_W^2} \right) \text{Tr}\left[ \gamma^\mu P_L p_2 \gamma^\nu P_L p_1 \right] 计算迹并收缩张量(反对称的 ϵ\epsilon 项在收缩中消去): Tr[γμp2γνp1PL]=2(p1μp2ν+p1νp2μgμνp1p2iϵμανβp2αp1β)\text{Tr}\left[ \gamma^\mu p_2 \gamma^\nu p_1 P_L \right] = 2 \left( p_1^\mu p_2^\nu + p_1^\nu p_2^\mu - g^{\mu\nu} p_1 \cdot p_2 - i \epsilon^{\mu\alpha\nu\beta} p_{2\alpha} p_{1\beta} \right) 利用 2p1p2=mW22 p_1 \cdot p_2 = m_W^2,可得 13M2=g2mW23\frac{1}{3} \sum |\mathcal{M}|^2 = \frac{g^2 m_W^2}{3}。 因此,单个轻子代(如 W+νee+W^+ \to \nu_e e^+)的树图阶部分衰变宽度为: Γ(W+νee+)=116πmW13M2=g2mW48π\Gamma(W^+ \to \nu_e e^+) = \frac{1}{16\pi m_W} \frac{1}{3} \sum |\mathcal{M}|^2 = \frac{g^2 m_W}{48\pi}

对于夸克,由于 mt>mWm_t > m_W,顶夸克通道关闭。WW 玻色子衰变到夸克的宽度需要包含 CKM 矩阵元 VijV_{ij} 以及颜色因子 Nc=3N_c = 3。对于给定的上型夸克 uiu_i,对其所有可能的下型夸克 djd_j 求和,利用 CKM 矩阵的幺正性 jVij2=1\sum_j |V_{ij}|^2 = 1,每个上型夸克代贡献 3×g2mW48π3 \times \frac{g^2 m_W}{48\pi}

QCD 修正的证明: WW 玻色子通过 VAV-AJμ=uˉγμ(1γ5)dJ^\mu = \bar{u} \gamma^\mu (1-\gamma^5) d 耦合到夸克。在忽略夸克质量的极限下,QCD 相互作用(纯矢量耦合)严格保持手征对称性。因此,矢量流关联函数 VμVν\langle V^\mu V^\nu \rangle 与轴矢量流关联函数 AμAν\langle A^\mu A^\nu \rangle 接收到完全相同的微扰 QCD 修正,且交叉项 VμAν\langle V^\mu A^\nu \rangle 因需要螺旋度翻转而为零。 由于 e+ehadronse^+ e^- \to \text{hadrons} 纯粹由矢量流主导,其 QCD 修正因子为 1+αsπ1 + \frac{\alpha_s}{\pi}(即 Eq. 17.9)。同理,该修正因子也完全适用于 VAV-A 流的衰变率。因此,夸克通道的衰变宽度为: Γ(W+hadrons)=i=u,c3g2mW48π(1+αsπ)=6g2mW48π(1+αsπ)\Gamma(W^+ \to \text{hadrons}) = \sum_{i=u,c} 3 \frac{g^2 m_W}{48\pi} \left( 1 + \frac{\alpha_s}{\pi} \right) = 6 \frac{g^2 m_W}{48\pi} \left( 1 + \frac{\alpha_s}{\pi} \right)

总宽度与数值计算: 包含 3 代轻子和 2 代夸克,总宽度为: ΓW=g2mW48π[3+6(1+αsπ)]\Gamma_W = \frac{g^2 m_W}{48\pi} \left[ 3 + 6 \left( 1 + \frac{\alpha_s}{\pi} \right) \right] 利用费米常数关系 GF2=g28mW2\frac{G_F}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{g^2}{8 m_W^2},可将系数改写为 g2mW48π=2GFmW312π\frac{g^2 m_W}{48\pi} = \frac{\sqrt{2} G_F m_W^3}{12\pi}。 代入标准电弱参数:mW80.4 GeVm_W \approx 80.4 \text{ GeV}GF1.166×105 GeV2G_F \approx 1.166 \times 10^{-5} \text{ GeV}^{-2},以及 mWm_W 能标下的强耦合常数 αs0.12\alpha_s \approx 0.122GFmW312π0.227 GeV\frac{\sqrt{2} G_F m_W^3}{12\pi} \approx 0.227 \text{ GeV} ΓW0.227×[3+6(1+0.12π)]0.227×9.2292.09 GeV\Gamma_W \approx 0.227 \times \left[ 3 + 6 \left( 1 + \frac{0.12}{\pi} \right) \right] \approx 0.227 \times 9.229 \approx 2.09 \text{ GeV}

ΓW2.09 GeV\boxed{ \Gamma_W \approx 2.09 \text{ GeV} }


(b) ZZ 玻色子的衰变宽度与分支比

ZZ 玻色子与费米子的相互作用拉格朗日量为: L=gcosθwZμfˉγμ(cLPL+cRPR)f\mathcal{L} = \frac{g}{\cos\theta_w} Z_\mu \bar{f} \gamma^\mu (c_L P_L + c_R P_R) f 其中 cL=T3Qsin2θwc_L = T^3 - Q \sin^2\theta_wcR=Qsin2θwc_R = -Q \sin^2\theta_w。 类似于 (a) 中的迹计算,矩阵元平方为: 13M2=13(gcosθw)2(gμν+pμpνmZ2)Tr[γμ(cLPL+cRPR)p2γν(cLPL+cRPR)p1]\frac{1}{3} \sum |\mathcal{M}|^2 = \frac{1}{3} \left( \frac{g}{\cos\theta_w} \right)^2 \left( -g_{\mu\nu} + \frac{p_\mu p_\nu}{m_Z^2} \right) \text{Tr}\left[ \gamma^\mu (c_L P_L + c_R P_R) p_2 \gamma^\nu (c_L P_L + c_R P_R) p_1 \right] 利用 PLγν=γνPRP_L \gamma^\nu = \gamma^\nu P_R,迹化简为 12(cL2+cR2)Tr[γμp2γνp1]\frac{1}{2}(c_L^2 + c_R^2) \text{Tr}[\gamma^\mu p_2 \gamma^\nu p_1]。收缩后得到部分衰变宽度: Γ(Zffˉ)=Ncg2mZ24πcos2θw(cL2+cR2)=Nc2GFmZ36π(cL2+cR2)\Gamma(Z \to f \bar{f}) = N_c \frac{g^2 m_Z}{24\pi \cos^2\theta_w} (c_L^2 + c_R^2) = N_c \frac{\sqrt{2} G_F m_Z^3}{6\pi} (c_L^2 + c_R^2)

sin2θw=0.23\sin^2\theta_w = 0.23,计算各类费米子的 cL2+cR2c_L^2 + c_R^2

  1. 中微子 (νe,νμ,ντ\nu_e, \nu_\mu, \nu_\tau)T3=12,Q=0    cL=12,cR=0T^3 = \frac{1}{2}, Q = 0 \implies c_L = \frac{1}{2}, c_R = 0 cL2+cR2=0.25c_L^2 + c_R^2 = 0.25
  2. 带电轻子 (e,μ,τe, \mu, \tau)T3=12,Q=1    cL=0.5+0.23=0.27,cR=0.23T^3 = -\frac{1}{2}, Q = -1 \implies c_L = -0.5 + 0.23 = -0.27, c_R = 0.23 cL2+cR2=(0.27)2+(0.23)2=0.1258c_L^2 + c_R^2 = (-0.27)^2 + (0.23)^2 = 0.1258
  3. 上型夸克 (u,cu, c)T3=12,Q=23    cL=0.523(0.23)0.3467,cR=0.1533T^3 = \frac{1}{2}, Q = \frac{2}{3} \implies c_L = 0.5 - \frac{2}{3}(0.23) \approx 0.3467, c_R = -0.1533 cL2+cR20.1437c_L^2 + c_R^2 \approx 0.1437
  4. 下型夸克 (d,s,bd, s, b)T3=12,Q=13    cL=0.5+13(0.23)0.4233,cR=0.0767T^3 = -\frac{1}{2}, Q = -\frac{1}{3} \implies c_L = -0.5 + \frac{1}{3}(0.23) \approx -0.4233, c_R = 0.0767 cL2+cR20.1851c_L^2 + c_R^2 \approx 0.1851

总宽度与分支比计算: 定义有效求和因子 Σ=fNc(cLf2+cRf2)×(QCD 修正)\Sigma = \sum_f N_c (c_{Lf}^2 + c_{Rf}^2) \times (\text{QCD 修正})。对于夸克,同样应用 1+αsπ1.0381 + \frac{\alpha_s}{\pi} \approx 1.038 的修正。

  • 不可见衰变 (Invisible, 3ν3\nu)Σinv=3×1×0.25=0.75\Sigma_{\text{inv}} = 3 \times 1 \times 0.25 = 0.75
  • 带电轻子 (Charged leptons, 3l3l)Σlep=3×1×0.1258=0.3774\Sigma_{\text{lep}} = 3 \times 1 \times 0.1258 = 0.3774
  • 强子 (Hadrons, 2u+3d2u + 3d)Σhad=3×[2(0.1437)+3(0.1851)]×1.038=3×0.8427×1.0382.624\Sigma_{\text{had}} = 3 \times [2(0.1437) + 3(0.1851)] \times 1.038 = 3 \times 0.8427 \times 1.038 \approx 2.624 总求和因子 Σtotal=0.75+0.3774+2.624=3.7514\Sigma_{\text{total}} = 0.75 + 0.3774 + 2.624 = 3.7514

由此可得各衰变模式的分支比 (Branching fractions): Br(invisible)=0.753.751420.0%\text{Br}(\text{invisible}) = \frac{0.75}{3.7514} \approx 20.0\% Br(charged leptons)=0.37743.751410.1%\text{Br}(\text{charged leptons}) = \frac{0.3774}{3.7514} \approx 10.1\% Br(hadrons)=2.6243.751470.0%\text{Br}(\text{hadrons}) = \frac{2.624}{3.7514} \approx 70.0\%

代入 mZ91.2 GeVm_Z \approx 91.2 \text{ GeV},计算总宽度: 2GFmZ36π0.664 GeV\frac{\sqrt{2} G_F m_Z^3}{6\pi} \approx 0.664 \text{ GeV} ΓZ=0.664 GeV×3.75142.49 GeV\Gamma_Z = 0.664 \text{ GeV} \times 3.7514 \approx 2.49 \text{ GeV}

ΓZ2.49 GeV,Br(had)70.0%,Br(l+l)10.1%,Br(ννˉ)20.0%\boxed{ \Gamma_Z \approx 2.49 \text{ GeV}, \quad \text{Br}(\text{had}) \approx 70.0\%, \quad \text{Br}(l^+l^-) \approx 10.1\%, \quad \text{Br}(\nu\bar{\nu}) \approx 20.0\% }

20.3

Problem 20.3

peskinChapter 20

习题 20.3

来源: 第20章, PDF第728,729页


20.3 e+ee^+e^- \rightarrow hadrons with photon-Z0Z^0 interference

(a) Consider a fermion species ff with electric charge QfQ_f and weak isospin IL3I_L^3 for its left-handed component. Ignore the mass of the ff. Compute the differential cross section for the process e+effˉe^+e^- \rightarrow f\bar{f} in the standard electroweak model. Include the effect of the Z0Z^0 width using the Breit-Wigner formula, Eq. (7.60). Plot the behavior of the total cross section as a function of CM energy through the Z0Z^0 resonance, for uu, dd, and μ\mu.

(b) Compute the forward-backward asymmetry for e+effˉe^+e^- \rightarrow f\bar{f}, defined as

AFBf=(0110)dcosθ(dσ/dcosθ)(01+10)dcosθ(dσ/dcosθ),A_{FB}^f = \frac{(\int_0^1 - \int_{-1}^0) d \cos \theta (d\sigma/d \cos \theta)}{(\int_0^1 + \int_{-1}^0) d \cos \theta (d\sigma/d \cos \theta)} ,

as a function of center of mass energy.

(c) Show that, just on the Z0Z^0 resonance, the forward-backward asymmetry is given by

AFBf=34ALReALRf,A_{FB}^f = \frac{3}{4} A_{LR}^e A_{LR}^f ,

(d) Show that the cross section at the peak of the Z0Z^0 resonance is given by

σpeak=12πmZ2Γ(Z0e+e)Γ(Z0ffˉ)ΓZ2,\sigma_{\text{peak}} = \frac{12\pi}{m_Z^2} \frac{\Gamma(Z^0 \rightarrow e^+e^-) \Gamma(Z^0 \rightarrow f\bar{f})}{\Gamma_Z^2} ,

where ΓZ\Gamma_Z is the total width of the Z0Z^0. Notice that both the total width of the Z0Z^0 and the peak height are affected by the presence of extra invisible decay modes. Compute the shifts in ΓZ\Gamma_Z and σpeak\sigma_{\text{peak}} that would be produced by a hypothetical fourth neutrino species, and compare these shifts to the cross section measurements shown in Fig. 20.5.


Referenced Equations:

Equation (7.60):

σ1p2m2+imΓ2.(7.60)\sigma \propto \left| \frac{1}{p^2 - m^2 + im\Gamma} \right|^2. \tag{7.60}

Referenced Figures:

Figure 20.5:

A plot showing the total cross section (σ in nb) for electron-positron annihilation to hadrons as a function of center-of-mass energy (Ecm in GeV). The data points from ALEPH, DELPHI, L3, and OPAL experiments are plotted around the Z0 resonance peak at approximately 91 GeV, with a solid curve representing the GWS theory prediction.

习题 20.3 - 解答


习题 20.3 分析与解答

在标准电弱模型中,过程 e+effˉe^+e^- \rightarrow f\bar{f} 包含光子 (γ\gamma) 交换和 Z0Z^0 玻色子交换两个费曼图的贡献。对于无质量费曼子,手征性守恒,我们可以方便地使用螺旋度振幅来计算。

定义费米子 ffZ0Z^0 的矢量和轴矢耦合常数为: vf=TfL32Qfsin2θW,af=TfL3v_f = T^3_{fL} - 2Q_f\sin^2\theta_W, \quad a_f = T^3_{fL} 其中 TfL3T^3_{fL} 是左手分量的弱同位旋第三分量,QfQ_f 是电荷(以 ee 为单位)。

定义包含 Z0Z^0 传播子(含宽度 ΓZ\Gamma_Z)的共振因子: κ(s)=14sin2θWcos2θWssmZ2+imZΓZ\kappa(s) = \frac{1}{4\sin^2\theta_W\cos^2\theta_W} \frac{s}{s - m_Z^2 + i m_Z \Gamma_Z}


(a) 微分截面与总截面行为

计算极化振幅并求和后,过程 e+effˉe^+e^- \rightarrow f\bar{f} 的微分散射截面可以写为: dσdcosθ=πα22sNc[F1(s)(1+cos2θ)+4F2(s)cosθ]\frac{d\sigma}{d\cos\theta} = \frac{\pi \alpha^2}{2s} N_c \left[ F_1(s) (1+\cos^2\theta) + 4 F_2(s) \cos\theta \right] 其中 NcN_c 是颜色因子(夸克为3,轻子为1),且: F1(s)=Qe2Qf2+2QeQfvevfRe(κ)+(ve2+ae2)(vf2+af2)κ2F_1(s) = Q_e^2 Q_f^2 + 2 Q_e Q_f v_e v_f \text{Re}(\kappa) + (v_e^2+a_e^2)(v_f^2+a_f^2) |\kappa|^2 F2(s)=QeQfaeafRe(κ)+2veaevfafκ2F_2(s) = Q_e Q_f a_e a_f \text{Re}(\kappa) + 2 v_e a_e v_f a_f |\kappa|^2 这里 Qe=1Q_e = -1

对角度积分得到总截面: σ(s)=11dσdcosθdcosθ=4πα23sNcF1(s)\sigma(s) = \int_{-1}^1 \frac{d\sigma}{d\cos\theta} d\cos\theta = \frac{4\pi \alpha^2}{3s} N_c F_1(s) σ(s)=4πα23sNc[Qe2Qf2+2QeQfvevfRe(κ)+(ve2+ae2)(vf2+af2)κ2]\boxed{ \sigma(s) = \frac{4\pi \alpha^2}{3s} N_c \left[ Q_e^2 Q_f^2 + 2 Q_e Q_f v_e v_f \text{Re}(\kappa) + (v_e^2+a_e^2)(v_f^2+a_f^2) |\kappa|^2 \right] }

截面随质心能量 Ecm=sE_{cm} = \sqrt{s} 的行为分析:

  1. 纯光子项 (Qe2Qf2Q_e^2 Q_f^2):贡献随 1/s1/s 衰减。
  2. Z0Z^0 (κ2|\kappa|^2):在 s=mZ2s = m_Z^2 处产生一个显著的 Breit-Wigner 共振峰。
  3. 干涉项 (Re(κ)\text{Re}(\kappa)):在共振峰前 (s<mZ2s < m_Z^2) 为负,导致截面略微下降;在共振峰后 (s>mZ2s > m_Z^2) 为正,导致截面略微提升。
  4. 不同费米子的比较:共振峰的高度主要由 Nc(vf2+af2)N_c (v_f^2+a_f^2) 决定。
    • 对于 μ\mu 子:Nc=1N_c=1, vμ0.04v_\mu \approx -0.04, aμ=0.5a_\mu = -0.5,峰值相对较低。
    • 对于 uu 夸克:Nc=3N_c=3, vu0.19v_u \approx 0.19, au=0.5a_u = 0.5,峰值约为 μ\mu 子的 3.4 倍。
    • 对于 dd 夸克:Nc=3N_c=3, vd0.35v_d \approx -0.35, ad=0.5a_d = -0.5,峰值约为 μ\mu 子的 4.4 倍。

(b) 前后不对称性 AFBfA_{FB}^f

根据定义,前后不对称性为: AFBf=01dcosθdσdcosθ10dcosθdσdcosθ11dcosθdσdcosθA_{FB}^f = \frac{\int_0^1 d\cos\theta \frac{d\sigma}{d\cos\theta} - \int_{-1}^0 d\cos\theta \frac{d\sigma}{d\cos\theta}}{\int_{-1}^1 d\cos\theta \frac{d\sigma}{d\cos\theta}} 将 (a) 中的微分截面代入,分子中只有 cosθ\cos\theta 项存活,分母为总截面: 分子=πα22sNc[4F201cosθdcosθ4F210cosθdcosθ]=2πα2sNcF2(s)\text{分子} = \frac{\pi \alpha^2}{2s} N_c \left[ 4F_2 \int_0^1 \cos\theta d\cos\theta - 4F_2 \int_{-1}^0 \cos\theta d\cos\theta \right] = \frac{2\pi \alpha^2}{s} N_c F_2(s) 分母=σ(s)=4πα23sNcF1(s)\text{分母} = \sigma(s) = \frac{4\pi \alpha^2}{3s} N_c F_1(s) 因此,前后不对称性为: AFBf(s)=32F2(s)F1(s)=32QeQfaeafRe(κ)+2veaevfafκ2Qe2Qf2+2QeQfvevfRe(κ)+(ve2+ae2)(vf2+af2)κ2\boxed{ A_{FB}^f(s) = \frac{3}{2} \frac{F_2(s)}{F_1(s)} = \frac{3}{2} \frac{Q_e Q_f a_e a_f \text{Re}(\kappa) + 2 v_e a_e v_f a_f |\kappa|^2}{Q_e^2 Q_f^2 + 2 Q_e Q_f v_e v_f \text{Re}(\kappa) + (v_e^2+a_e^2)(v_f^2+a_f^2) |\kappa|^2} }


(c) Z0Z^0 共振峰上的 AFBfA_{FB}^f

恰好在 Z0Z^0 共振峰上时,s=mZ2s = m_Z^2。此时 κ(mZ2)\kappa(m_Z^2) 为纯虚数,因此 Re(κ)=0\text{Re}(\kappa) = 0。同时,由于 Z0Z^0 极点贡献远大于纯电磁贡献,我们可以忽略分母中的 Qe2Qf2Q_e^2 Q_f^2 项。 此时 F1F_1F2F_2 简化为: F1(mZ2)(ve2+ae2)(vf2+af2)κ2F_1(m_Z^2) \approx (v_e^2+a_e^2)(v_f^2+a_f^2) |\kappa|^2 F2(mZ2)2veaevfafκ2F_2(m_Z^2) \approx 2 v_e a_e v_f a_f |\kappa|^2 代入 AFBfA_{FB}^f 的表达式: AFBf(mZ2)322veaevfaf(ve2+ae2)(vf2+af2)=3(veaeve2+ae2)(vfafvf2+af2)A_{FB}^f(m_Z^2) \approx \frac{3}{2} \frac{2 v_e a_e v_f a_f}{(v_e^2+a_e^2)(v_f^2+a_f^2)} = 3 \left( \frac{v_e a_e}{v_e^2+a_e^2} \right) \left( \frac{v_f a_f}{v_f^2+a_f^2} \right) 回顾左右不对称性 ALRfA_{LR}^f 的定义,它与耦合常数的关系为 ALRf=2vfafvf2+af2A_{LR}^f = \frac{2v_f a_f}{v_f^2+a_f^2}。 因此,我们可以直接得到: AFBf(mZ2)=34ALReALRf\boxed{ A_{FB}^f(m_Z^2) = \frac{3}{4} A_{LR}^e A_{LR}^f }


(d) 共振峰截面与第四代中微子的影响

在共振峰处 (s=mZ2s=m_Z^2),总截面由 Z0Z^0 交换主导: σpeak4πα23mZ2Nc(ve2+ae2)(vf2+af2)κ(mZ2)2\sigma_{\text{peak}} \approx \frac{4\pi \alpha^2}{3m_Z^2} N_c (v_e^2+a_e^2)(v_f^2+a_f^2) |\kappa(m_Z^2)|^2 其中 κ(mZ2)2=mZ216sin4θWcos4θWΓZ2|\kappa(m_Z^2)|^2 = \frac{m_Z^2}{16\sin^4\theta_W\cos^4\theta_W \Gamma_Z^2}。 已知 Z0ffˉZ^0 \rightarrow f\bar{f} 的部分衰变宽度的标准公式为: Γ(Z0ffˉ)=αmZ12sin2θWcos2θWNc(vf2+af2)\Gamma(Z^0 \rightarrow f\bar{f}) = \frac{\alpha m_Z}{12\sin^2\theta_W\cos^2\theta_W} N_c (v_f^2+a_f^2)Γe\Gamma_e (取 Nc=1N_c=1) 和 Γf\Gamma_f 相乘: ΓeΓf=α2mZ2144sin4θWcos4θWNc(ve2+ae2)(vf2+af2)\Gamma_e \Gamma_f = \frac{\alpha^2 m_Z^2}{144\sin^4\theta_W\cos^4\theta_W} N_c (v_e^2+a_e^2)(v_f^2+a_f^2) 将其代入 σpeak\sigma_{\text{peak}} 的表达式中,可以发现: σpeak=4πα23mZ2mZ216sin4θWcos4θWΓZ2[144sin4θWcos4θWα2mZ2ΓeΓf]\sigma_{\text{peak}} = \frac{4\pi \alpha^2}{3m_Z^2} \frac{m_Z^2}{16\sin^4\theta_W\cos^4\theta_W \Gamma_Z^2} \left[ \frac{144\sin^4\theta_W\cos^4\theta_W}{\alpha^2 m_Z^2} \Gamma_e \Gamma_f \right] 化简后即得: σpeak=12πmZ2Γ(Z0e+e)Γ(Z0ffˉ)ΓZ2\boxed{ \sigma_{\text{peak}} = \frac{12\pi}{m_Z^2} \frac{\Gamma(Z^0 \rightarrow e^+e^-) \Gamma(Z^0 \rightarrow f\bar{f})}{\Gamma_Z^2} }

第四代中微子的影响: 如果存在第四代轻中微子 ν4\nu_4,它将增加 Z0Z^0 的不可见衰变宽度。单个中微子代的衰变宽度约为: Γν166 MeV=0.166 GeV\Gamma_\nu \approx 166 \text{ MeV} = 0.166 \text{ GeV} 标准模型下(3代中微子),Z0Z^0 的总宽度 ΓZ2.495 GeV\Gamma_Z \approx 2.495 \text{ GeV}。 若加入第四代中微子,总宽度将变为 ΓZ=ΓZ+Γν2.661 GeV\Gamma_Z' = \Gamma_Z + \Gamma_\nu \approx 2.661 \text{ GeV}ΓZ\Gamma_Z 的偏移量ΔΓZ+166 MeV\Delta \Gamma_Z \approx +166 \text{ MeV}

由于 σpeak1/ΓZ2\sigma_{\text{peak}} \propto 1/\Gamma_Z^2,峰值截面的相对变化为: σpeakσpeak=(ΓZΓZ)2(2.4952.661)20.88\frac{\sigma_{\text{peak}}'}{\sigma_{\text{peak}}} = \left( \frac{\Gamma_Z}{\Gamma_Z'} \right)^2 \approx \left( \frac{2.495}{2.661} \right)^2 \approx 0.88 这意味着峰值截面将下降约 12%

与图 20.5 的比较: 图 20.5 显示了强子产生的总截面数据。在 Z0Z^0 峰值处,实验数据点(约 30 nb)极其精确地落在 Nν=3N_\nu = 3 的理论曲线上。如果存在第四代中微子,峰值截面将降至约 30×0.8826.4 nb30 \times 0.88 \approx 26.4 \text{ nb}。这一巨大的偏移(远超实验误差棒)与图中的高精度测量数据完全不符,从而强有力地排除了存在第四代轻中微子的可能性。

20.4

Problem 20.4

peskinChapter 20

习题 20.4

来源: 第20章, PDF第729页


20.4 Neutral-current deep inelastic scattering.

(a) In Eq. (17.35), we wrote formulae for neutrino and antineutrino deep inelastic scattering with W±W^{\pm} exchange. Neutrinos and antineutrinos can also scatter by exchanging a Z0Z^0. This process, which leads to a hadronic jet but no observable outgoing lepton, is called the neutral current reaction. Compute dσ/dxdyd\sigma/dxdy for neutral current deep inelastic scattering of neutrinos and antineutrinos from protons, accounting for scattering from uu and dd quarks and antiquarks.

(b) Next, consider deep inelastic scattering from a nucleus AA with equal numbers of protons and neutrons. For such a target, fu(x)=fd(x)f_u(x) = f_d(x), and similarly for antiquarks. Show that the formulae in part (a) simplify in such a situation. In particular, let RνR^\nu, RνˉR^{\bar{\nu}} be defined as

Rν=dσ/dxdy(νAνX)dσ/dxdy(νAμX),Rνˉ=dσ/dxdy(νˉAνˉX)dσ/dxdy(νˉAμ+X).R^\nu = \frac{d\sigma/dxdy(\nu A \rightarrow \nu X)}{d\sigma/dxdy(\nu A \rightarrow \mu^- X)}, \quad R^{\bar{\nu}} = \frac{d\sigma/dxdy(\bar{\nu} A \rightarrow \bar{\nu} X)}{d\sigma/dxdy(\bar{\nu} A \rightarrow \mu^+ X)}.

Show that RνR^\nu and RνˉR^{\bar{\nu}} are given by the following simple formulae:

Rν=12sin2θw+59sin4θw(1+r),Rνˉ=12sin2θw+59sin4θw(1+1r),\begin{aligned} R^\nu &= \frac{1}{2} - \sin^2 \theta_w + \frac{5}{9} \sin^4 \theta_w (1 + r), \\ R^{\bar{\nu}} &= \frac{1}{2} - \sin^2 \theta_w + \frac{5}{9} \sin^4 \theta_w (1 + \frac{1}{r}), \end{aligned}

where

r=dσ/dxdy(νˉAμ+X)dσ/dxdy(νAμX).r = \frac{d\sigma/dxdy(\bar{\nu} A \rightarrow \mu^+ X)}{d\sigma/dxdy(\nu A \rightarrow \mu^- X)}.

These formulae remain true when RνR^\nu and RνˉR^{\bar{\nu}} are redefined to be the ratios of neutral- to charged-current cross sections integrated over the region of xx and yy that is observed in a given experiment.

(c) By setting rr equal to the observed value—say, r=0.4r = 0.4—and varying sin2θw\sin^2 \theta_w, the relations of part (b) generate a curve in the plane of RνR^\nu versus RνˉR^{\bar{\nu}} that is known as Weinberg's nose. Sketch this curve. The observed values of Rν,RνˉR^\nu, R^{\bar{\nu}} lie close to this curve, near the point corresponding to sin2θw=0.23\sin^2 \theta_w = 0.23.


Referenced Equations:

Equation (17.35):

d2σdxdy(νpμX)=GF2sπ[xfd(x)+xfuˉ(x)(1y)2], d2σdxdy(νˉpμ+X)=GF2sπ[xfu(x)(1y)2+xfdˉ(x)].(17.35)\begin{aligned} \frac{d^2\sigma}{dxdy}(\nu p \rightarrow \mu^- X) &= \frac{G_F^2 s}{\pi} [xf_d(x) + xf_{\bar{u}}(x) \cdot (1-y)^2], \ \frac{d^2\sigma}{dxdy}(\bar{\nu} p \rightarrow \mu^+ X) &= \frac{G_F^2 s}{\pi} [xf_u(x) \cdot (1-y)^2 + xf_{\bar{d}}(x)]. \end{aligned} \tag{17.35}

习题 20.4 - 解答


(a) 中性流深度非弹性散射的微分散射截面

在标准模型中,中性流(Neutral Current, NC)过程由 Z0Z^0 玻色子交换主导。在低能极限下(Q2MZ2Q^2 \ll M_Z^2),中性流的有效四费米子相互作用拉格朗日量为:

Leff=GF2[νˉγμ(1γ5)ν]q[qˉγμ(gLq(1γ5)+gRq(1+γ5))q]\mathcal{L}_{\text{eff}} = -\frac{G_F}{\sqrt{2}} [\bar{\nu} \gamma^\mu (1-\gamma^5) \nu] \sum_q [\bar{q} \gamma_\mu (g_L^q (1-\gamma^5) + g_R^q (1+\gamma^5)) q]

其中,夸克与 Z0Z^0 玻色子的左右手耦合常数由 gL,Rq=Tq3Qqsin2θwg_{L,R}^q = T^3_q - Q_q \sin^2\theta_w 给出。对于 uudd 夸克,具体为:

gLu=1223sin2θw,gRu=23sin2θw,gLd=12+13sin2θw,gRd=13sin2θw.\begin{aligned} g_L^u &= \frac{1}{2} - \frac{2}{3}\sin^2\theta_w, \quad &g_R^u &= -\frac{2}{3}\sin^2\theta_w, \\ g_L^d &= -\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3}\sin^2\theta_w, \quad &g_R^d &= \frac{1}{3}\sin^2\theta_w. \end{aligned}

在深度非弹性散射(DIS)中,中微子(左手)与左手夸克散射的角分布是各向同性的(常数 11),而与右手夸克散射由于螺旋度守恒会产生 (1y)2(1-y)^2 的压低因子。反中微子(右手)的情况则正好相反。对于反夸克,其手性与夸克相反。 结合部分子分布函数 fq(x)f_q(x)fqˉ(x)f_{\bar{q}}(x),我们可以直接写出中微子和反中微子在质子上中性流 DIS 的微分散射截面:

d2σdxdy(νpνX)=GF2sπxq=u,d[((gLq)2+(gRq)2(1y)2)fq(x)+((gLq)2(1y)2+(gRq)2)fqˉ(x)],d2σdxdy(νˉpνˉX)=GF2sπxq=u,d[((gLq)2(1y)2+(gRq)2)fq(x)+((gLq)2+(gRq)2(1y)2)fqˉ(x)].\boxed{ \begin{aligned} \frac{d^2\sigma}{dxdy}(\nu p \rightarrow \nu X) &= \frac{G_F^2 s}{\pi} x \sum_{q=u,d} \left[ \left( (g_L^q)^2 + (g_R^q)^2 (1-y)^2 \right) f_q(x) + \left( (g_L^q)^2 (1-y)^2 + (g_R^q)^2 \right) f_{\bar{q}}(x) \right], \\ \frac{d^2\sigma}{dxdy}(\bar{\nu} p \rightarrow \bar{\nu} X) &= \frac{G_F^2 s}{\pi} x \sum_{q=u,d} \left[ \left( (g_L^q)^2 (1-y)^2 + (g_R^q)^2 \right) f_q(x) + \left( (g_L^q)^2 + (g_R^q)^2 (1-y)^2 \right) f_{\bar{q}}(x) \right]. \end{aligned} }

(b) 同位旋标量靶的 Llewellyn Smith 关系

对于质子数和中子数相等的同位旋标量核靶 AA,每个核子的平均部分子分布函数满足同位旋对称性:

fu(x)=fd(x)q(x),fuˉ(x)=fdˉ(x)qˉ(x).f_u(x) = f_d(x) \equiv q(x), \quad f_{\bar{u}}(x) = f_{\bar{d}}(x) \equiv \bar{q}(x).

此时,带电流(Charged Current, CC)的微分散射截面(见公式 17.35)简化为:

σCCνd2σdxdy(νAμX)=GF2sπx[q(x)+qˉ(x)(1y)2],σCCνˉd2σdxdy(νˉAμ+X)=GF2sπx[q(x)(1y)2+qˉ(x)].\begin{aligned} \sigma_{CC}^\nu &\equiv \frac{d^2\sigma}{dxdy}(\nu A \rightarrow \mu^- X) = \frac{G_F^2 s}{\pi} x \left[ q(x) + \bar{q}(x)(1-y)^2 \right], \\ \sigma_{CC}^{\bar{\nu}} &\equiv \frac{d^2\sigma}{dxdy}(\bar{\nu} A \rightarrow \mu^+ X) = \frac{G_F^2 s}{\pi} x \left[ q(x)(1-y)^2 + \bar{q}(x) \right]. \end{aligned}

fu=fd=qf_u = f_d = q 代入 (a) 中的中性流截面公式,并提取公共因子,可得:

σNCνd2σdxdy(νAνX)=GF2sπx{[(gLu)2+(gLd)2](q(x)+qˉ(x)(1y)2)+[(gRu)2+(gRd)2](q(x)(1y)2+qˉ(x))}=[(gLu)2+(gLd)2]σCCν+[(gRu)2+(gRd)2]σCCνˉ.\begin{aligned} \sigma_{NC}^\nu &\equiv \frac{d^2\sigma}{dxdy}(\nu A \rightarrow \nu X) \\ &= \frac{G_F^2 s}{\pi} x \left\{ \left[ (g_L^u)^2 + (g_L^d)^2 \right] \left( q(x) + \bar{q}(x)(1-y)^2 \right) + \left[ (g_R^u)^2 + (g_R^d)^2 \right] \left( q(x)(1-y)^2 + \bar{q}(x) \right) \right\} \\ &= \left[ (g_L^u)^2 + (g_L^d)^2 \right] \sigma_{CC}^\nu + \left[ (g_R^u)^2 + (g_R^d)^2 \right] \sigma_{CC}^{\bar{\nu}}. \end{aligned}

同理,对于反中微子中性流截面:

σNCνˉ=[(gLu)2+(gLd)2]σCCνˉ+[(gRu)2+(gRd)2]σCCν.\sigma_{NC}^{\bar{\nu}} = \left[ (g_L^u)^2 + (g_L^d)^2 \right] \sigma_{CC}^{\bar{\nu}} + \left[ (g_R^u)^2 + (g_R^d)^2 \right] \sigma_{CC}^\nu.

接下来计算耦合常数的平方和:

(gLu)2+(gLd)2=(1223sin2θw)2+(12+13sin2θw)2=12sin2θw+59sin4θw,(gRu)2+(gRd)2=(23sin2θw)2+(13sin2θw)2=59sin4θw.\begin{aligned} (g_L^u)^2 + (g_L^d)^2 &= \left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{2}{3}\sin^2\theta_w\right)^2 + \left(-\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3}\sin^2\theta_w\right)^2 = \frac{1}{2} - \sin^2\theta_w + \frac{5}{9}\sin^4\theta_w, \\ (g_R^u)^2 + (g_R^d)^2 &= \left(-\frac{2}{3}\sin^2\theta_w\right)^2 + \left(\frac{1}{3}\sin^2\theta_w\right)^2 = \frac{5}{9}\sin^4\theta_w. \end{aligned}

根据定义 Rν=σNCν/σCCνR^\nu = \sigma_{NC}^\nu / \sigma_{CC}^\nur=σCCνˉ/σCCνr = \sigma_{CC}^{\bar{\nu}} / \sigma_{CC}^\nu,我们有:

Rν=[(gLu)2+(gLd)2]+[(gRu)2+(gRd)2]σCCνˉσCCν=12sin2θw+59sin4θw+59sin4θwr=12sin2θw+59sin4θw(1+r).\begin{aligned} R^\nu &= \left[ (g_L^u)^2 + (g_L^d)^2 \right] + \left[ (g_R^u)^2 + (g_R^d)^2 \right] \frac{\sigma_{CC}^{\bar{\nu}}}{\sigma_{CC}^\nu} \\ &= \frac{1}{2} - \sin^2\theta_w + \frac{5}{9}\sin^4\theta_w + \frac{5}{9}\sin^4\theta_w \cdot r \\ &= \frac{1}{2} - \sin^2\theta_w + \frac{5}{9}\sin^4\theta_w (1+r). \end{aligned}

同理,对于 Rνˉ=σNCνˉ/σCCνˉR^{\bar{\nu}} = \sigma_{NC}^{\bar{\nu}} / \sigma_{CC}^{\bar{\nu}},由于 σCCν/σCCνˉ=1/r\sigma_{CC}^\nu / \sigma_{CC}^{\bar{\nu}} = 1/r

Rνˉ=[(gLu)2+(gLd)2]+[(gRu)2+(gRd)2]1r=12sin2θw+59sin4θw(1+1r).\begin{aligned} R^{\bar{\nu}} &= \left[ (g_L^u)^2 + (g_L^d)^2 \right] + \left[ (g_R^u)^2 + (g_R^d)^2 \right] \frac{1}{r} \\ &= \frac{1}{2} - \sin^2\theta_w + \frac{5}{9}\sin^4\theta_w \left(1+\frac{1}{r}\right). \end{aligned}

这就证明了所需的公式:

Rν=12sin2θw+59sin4θw(1+r),Rνˉ=12sin2θw+59sin4θw(1+1r).\boxed{ \begin{aligned} R^\nu &= \frac{1}{2} - \sin^2 \theta_w + \frac{5}{9} \sin^4 \theta_w (1 + r), \\ R^{\bar{\nu}} &= \frac{1}{2} - \sin^2 \theta_w + \frac{5}{9} \sin^4 \theta_w \left(1 + \frac{1}{r}\right). \end{aligned} }

:由于 σNC=gL2σCC+gR2σCCopp\sigma_{NC} = g_L^2 \sigma_{CC} + g_R^2 \sigma_{CC}^{\text{opp}} 是在相空间每一点 (x,y)(x,y) 都成立的线性组合,因此在实验观测的任意 (x,y)(x,y) 区域内进行积分后,该线性关系依然成立。只需将 rr 替换为积分后的带电流截面之比,公式形式保持不变。

(c) Weinberg's Nose 曲线分析与描绘

将实验观测值 r=0.4r = 0.4 代入 (b) 中的公式,得到参数化方程(令 xw=sin2θwx_w = \sin^2\theta_w):

Rν(xw)=12xw+79xw2,Rνˉ(xw)=12xw+3518xw2.\begin{aligned} R^\nu(x_w) &= \frac{1}{2} - x_w + \frac{7}{9} x_w^2, \\ R^{\bar{\nu}}(x_w) &= \frac{1}{2} - x_w + \frac{35}{18} x_w^2. \end{aligned}

消去参数 xwx_w,可得 RνR^\nuRνˉR^{\bar{\nu}} 满足抛物线方程:

Rν=1267(RνˉRν)+23(RνˉRν)R^\nu = \frac{1}{2} - \sqrt{\frac{6}{7}(R^{\bar{\nu}} - R^\nu)} + \frac{2}{3}(R^{\bar{\nu}} - R^\nu)

RνˉR^{\bar{\nu}} (横轴) - RνR^\nu (纵轴) 平面上,随着 sin2θw\sin^2\theta_w00 增加到 11,曲线的演化特征如下:

  1. 起点:当 sin2θw=0\sin^2\theta_w = 0 时,(Rνˉ,Rν)=(0.5,0.5)(R^{\bar{\nu}}, R^\nu) = (0.5, 0.5)
  2. RνˉR^{\bar{\nu}} 极小值(鼻尖):对 RνˉR^{\bar{\nu}} 求导得极小值点在 sin2θw=9/350.257\sin^2\theta_w = 9/35 \approx 0.257,此时坐标约为 (0.371,0.294)(0.371, 0.294)。这是曲线在水平方向上的最左端。
  3. 物理观测点:代入真实值 sin2θw=0.23\sin^2\theta_w = 0.23,得到 (Rνˉ,Rν)(0.373,0.311)(R^{\bar{\nu}}, R^\nu) \approx (0.373, 0.311)。该点非常靠近曲线的最左端(鼻尖)。
  4. RνR^\nu 极小值:对 RνR^\nu 求导得极小值点在 sin2θw=9/140.643\sin^2\theta_w = 9/14 \approx 0.643,此时坐标约为 (0.660,0.178)(0.660, 0.178)。这是曲线在垂直方向上的最底端。
  5. 终点:当 sin2θw=1\sin^2\theta_w = 1 时,(Rνˉ,Rν)(1.444,0.278)(R^{\bar{\nu}}, R^\nu) \approx (1.444, 0.278)

曲线草图描述: 该曲线在 RνˉR^{\bar{\nu}}-RνR^\nu 平面上被称为 Weinberg's nose。它从右上方的 (0.5,0.5)(0.5, 0.5) 出发,向左下方弯曲延伸,在 sin2θw0.26\sin^2\theta_w \approx 0.26 处达到最左侧的“鼻尖”;随后曲线向右下方折返,在 sin2θw0.64\sin^2\theta_w \approx 0.64 处达到最低点;最后向右上方无限延伸。实验测量的物理点恰好落在该抛物线最突出的“鼻尖”附近。

Weinberg’s nose 是一条顶点指向左下方的抛物线,物理点 sin2θw=0.23 位于最左侧极小值附近。\boxed{ \text{Weinberg's nose 是一条顶点指向左下方的抛物线,物理点 } \sin^2\theta_w=0.23 \text{ 位于最左侧极小值附近。} }
20.5

Problem 20.5

peskinChapter 20

习题 20.5

来源: 第20章, PDF第729,730页


20.5 A model with two Higgs fields.

(a) Consider a model with two scalar fields ϕ1\phi_1 and ϕ2\phi_2, which transform as SU(2)SU(2) doublets with Y=1/2Y = 1/2. Assume that the two fields acquire parallel vacuum expectation values of the form (20.23) with vacuum expectation values v1,v2v_1, v_2. Show that these vacuum expectation values produce the same gauge boson mass matrix that we found in Section 20.2, with the replacement

v2(v12+v22).v^2 \rightarrow (v_1^2 + v_2^2).

(b) The most general potential function for a model with two Higgs doublets is quite complex. However, if we impose the discrete symmetry ϕ1ϕ1,ϕ2ϕ2\phi_1 \rightarrow -\phi_1, \phi_2 \rightarrow \phi_2,

the most general potential is

V(ϕ1,ϕ2)=μ12ϕ1ϕ1μ22ϕ2ϕ2+λ1(ϕ1ϕ1)2+λ2(ϕ2ϕ2)2+λ3(ϕ1ϕ1)(ϕ2ϕ2)+λ4(ϕ1ϕ2)(ϕ2ϕ1)+λ5((ϕ1ϕ2)2+h.c.).\begin{aligned} V(\phi_1, \phi_2) = &-\mu_1^2 \phi_1^\dagger \phi_1 - \mu_2^2 \phi_2^\dagger \phi_2 + \lambda_1 (\phi_1^\dagger \phi_1)^2 + \lambda_2 (\phi_2^\dagger \phi_2)^2 \\ &+ \lambda_3 (\phi_1^\dagger \phi_1) (\phi_2^\dagger \phi_2) + \lambda_4 (\phi_1^\dagger \phi_2) (\phi_2^\dagger \phi_1) + \lambda_5 ((\phi_1^\dagger \phi_2)^2 + \text{h.c.}). \end{aligned}

Find conditions on the parameters μi\mu_i and λi\lambda_i so that the configuration of vacuum expectation values required in part (a) is a locally stable minimum of this potential.

(c) In the unitarity gauge, one linear combination of the upper components of ϕ1\phi_1 and ϕ2\phi_2 is eliminated, while the other remains as a physical field. Show that the physical charged Higgs field has the form

ϕ+=sinβϕ1+cosβϕ2+,\phi^+ = \sin \beta \phi_1^+ - \cos \beta \phi_2^+,

where β\beta is defined by the relation

tanβ=v2v1.\tan \beta = \frac{v_2}{v_1}.

(d) Assume that the two Higgs fields couple to quarks by the set of fundamental couplings

Lm=λdijQˉLiϕ1dRjλuijϵabQˉLaiϕ2buRj+h.c.\mathcal{L}_m = -\lambda_d^{ij} \bar{Q}_L^i \cdot \phi_1 d_R^j - \lambda_u^{ij} \epsilon^{ab} \bar{Q}_{La}^i \phi_{2b}^\dagger u_R^j + \text{h.c.}

Find the couplings of the physical charged Higgs boson of part (c) to the mass eigenstates of quarks. These couplings depend only on the values of the quark masses and tanβ\tan \beta and on the elements of the CKM matrix.


Referenced Equations:

Equation (20.23):

ϕ=12(0v).(20.23)\langle \phi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ v \end{pmatrix}. \tag{20.23}

习题 20.5 - 解答


(a) 在双希格斯二重态模型中,两个标量场 ϕ1\phi_1ϕ2\phi_2 的超荷均为 Y=1/2Y = 1/2。它们的协变导数具有相同的形式:

Dμϕi=(μigAμaσa2i12gBμ)ϕi,(i=1,2)D_\mu \phi_i = \left( \partial_\mu - i g A_\mu^a \frac{\sigma^a}{2} - i \frac{1}{2} g' B_\mu \right) \phi_i, \quad (i=1,2)

当两个场获得平行的真空期望值(VEV)时,可设为:

ϕ1=12(0v1),ϕ2=12(0v2)\langle \phi_1 \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ v_1 \end{pmatrix}, \quad \langle \phi_2 \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ v_2 \end{pmatrix}

规范玻色子的质量项来源于希格斯场的动能项 (Dμϕ1)(Dμϕ1)+(Dμϕ2)(Dμϕ2)(D_\mu \phi_1)^\dagger (D^\mu \phi_1) + (D_\mu \phi_2)^\dagger (D^\mu \phi_2) 在真空处的展开。将 VEV 代入协变导数中:

Dμϕi=i2(gAμaσa2+12gBμ)(0vi)D_\mu \langle \phi_i \rangle = - \frac{i}{\sqrt{2}} \left( g A_\mu^a \frac{\sigma^a}{2} + \frac{1}{2} g' B_\mu \right) \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ v_i \end{pmatrix}

计算对应的质量项:

i=1,2(Dμϕi)(Dμϕi)=i=1,2vi28(01)(gAμaσa+gBμ)2(01)\sum_{i=1,2} (D_\mu \langle \phi_i \rangle)^\dagger (D^\mu \langle \phi_i \rangle) = \sum_{i=1,2} \frac{v_i^2}{8} \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \left( g A_\mu^a \sigma^a + g' B_\mu \right)^2 \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}

由于矩阵部分对 ϕ1\phi_1ϕ2\phi_2 完全相同,求和后整体系数正比于 (v12+v22)(v_1^2 + v_2^2)。这与标准模型中单个希格斯二重态给出的质量矩阵完全一致,只需作如下替换即可得到相同的规范玻色子质量矩阵:

v2v12+v22\boxed{v^2 \rightarrow v_1^2 + v_2^2}

(b) 将平行的 VEV 代入势能函数 V(ϕ1,ϕ2)V(\phi_1, \phi_2) 中,得到真空势能:

V0=12μ12v1212μ22v22+14λ1v14+14λ2v24+14(λ3+λ4+2λ5)v12v22V_0 = -\frac{1}{2} \mu_1^2 v_1^2 - \frac{1}{2} \mu_2^2 v_2^2 + \frac{1}{4} \lambda_1 v_1^4 + \frac{1}{4} \lambda_2 v_2^4 + \frac{1}{4} (\lambda_3 + \lambda_4 + 2\lambda_5) v_1^2 v_2^2

要使该配置成为极值点,需满足一阶导数为零(极值条件):

V0v1=μ12v1+λ1v13+12(λ3+λ4+2λ5)v1v22=0\frac{\partial V_0}{\partial v_1} = - \mu_1^2 v_1 + \lambda_1 v_1^3 + \frac{1}{2} (\lambda_3 + \lambda_4 + 2\lambda_5) v_1 v_2^2 = 0
V0v2=μ22v2+λ2v23+12(λ3+λ4+2λ5)v12v2=0\frac{\partial V_0}{\partial v_2} = - \mu_2^2 v_2 + \lambda_2 v_2^3 + \frac{1}{2} (\lambda_3 + \lambda_4 + 2\lambda_5) v_1^2 v_2 = 0

假设 v1,v20v_1, v_2 \neq 0,得到参数 μi2\mu_i^2 的条件:

μ12=λ1v12+12(λ3+λ4+2λ5)v22,μ22=λ2v22+12(λ3+λ4+2λ5)v12\mu_1^2 = \lambda_1 v_1^2 + \frac{1}{2} (\lambda_3 + \lambda_4 + 2\lambda_5) v_2^2, \quad \mu_2^2 = \lambda_2 v_2^2 + \frac{1}{2} (\lambda_3 + \lambda_4 + 2\lambda_5) v_1^2

为了使该极值点是局部稳定的极小值,标量场的质量平方矩阵必须是正定的(除对应于规范对称性自发破缺的 Goldstone 玻色子外)。将场在真空附近展开:ϕi=(ϕi+12(vi+hi+izi))\phi_i = \begin{pmatrix} \phi_i^+ \\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(v_i + h_i + i z_i) \end{pmatrix}

  1. CP-偶标量场 (h1,h2)(h_1, h_2):质量矩阵为
Mh2=(2λ1v12(λ3+λ4+2λ5)v1v2(λ3+λ4+2λ5)v1v22λ2v22)M_h^2 = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \lambda_1 v_1^2 & (\lambda_3 + \lambda_4 + 2\lambda_5) v_1 v_2 \\ (\lambda_3 + \lambda_4 + 2\lambda_5) v_1 v_2 & 2 \lambda_2 v_2^2 \end{pmatrix}

正定性要求迹和行列式大于零:λ1>0,λ2>0\lambda_1 > 0, \lambda_2 > 0,且 4λ1λ2>(λ3+λ4+2λ5)24 \lambda_1 \lambda_2 > (\lambda_3 + \lambda_4 + 2\lambda_5)^2

  1. CP-奇标量场 (z1,z2)(z_1, z_2):质量矩阵为
MA2=λ5(v22v1v2v1v2v12)M_A^2 = -\lambda_5 \begin{pmatrix} v_2^2 & -v_1 v_2 \\ -v_1 v_2 & v_1^2 \end{pmatrix}

该矩阵有一个零本征值(中性 Goldstone 玻色子),非零本征值为 λ5(v12+v22)-\lambda_5(v_1^2 + v_2^2)。要求其大于零,得到 λ5<0\lambda_5 < 0

  1. 带电标量场 (ϕ1+,ϕ2+)(\phi_1^+, \phi_2^+):质量矩阵为
M±2=12(λ4+2λ5)(v22v1v2v1v2v12)M_\pm^2 = -\frac{1}{2} (\lambda_4 + 2\lambda_5) \begin{pmatrix} v_2^2 & -v_1 v_2 \\ -v_1 v_2 & v_1^2 \end{pmatrix}

同样有一个零本征值(带电 Goldstone 玻色子),非零本征值为 12(λ4+2λ5)(v12+v22)-\frac{1}{2}(\lambda_4 + 2\lambda_5)(v_1^2 + v_2^2)。要求其大于零,得到 λ4+2λ5<0\lambda_4 + 2\lambda_5 < 0

综上,局部稳定极小值的条件为:

μ12=λ1v12+12(λ3+λ4+2λ5)v22μ22=λ2v22+12(λ3+λ4+2λ5)v12λ1>0,λ2>04λ1λ2>(λ3+λ4+2λ5)2λ5<0λ4+2λ5<0\boxed{ \begin{aligned} \mu_1^2 &= \lambda_1 v_1^2 + \frac{1}{2} (\lambda_3 + \lambda_4 + 2\lambda_5) v_2^2 \\ \mu_2^2 &= \lambda_2 v_2^2 + \frac{1}{2} (\lambda_3 + \lambda_4 + 2\lambda_5) v_1^2 \\ \lambda_1 &> 0, \quad \lambda_2 > 0 \\ 4 \lambda_1 \lambda_2 &> (\lambda_3 + \lambda_4 + 2\lambda_5)^2 \\ \lambda_5 &< 0 \\ \lambda_4 + 2\lambda_5 &< 0 \end{aligned} }

(c) 在幺正规范下,被消除的带电 Goldstone 玻色子 G+G^+ 是与真空期望值方向平行的线性组合,它被 W+W^+ 玻色子吸收:

G+=v1ϕ1++v2ϕ2+v12+v22=cosβϕ1++sinβϕ2+G^+ = \frac{v_1 \phi_1^+ + v_2 \phi_2^+}{\sqrt{v_1^2 + v_2^2}} = \cos \beta \phi_1^+ + \sin \beta \phi_2^+

其中定义了 tanβ=v2v1\tan \beta = \frac{v_2}{v_1},即 cosβ=v1v12+v22\cos \beta = \frac{v_1}{\sqrt{v_1^2 + v_2^2}}sinβ=v2v12+v22\sin \beta = \frac{v_2}{\sqrt{v_1^2 + v_2^2}}。 物理的带电希格斯场 ϕ+\phi^+ 必须与 Goldstone 玻色子 G+G^+ 正交。通过正交变换,物理场为:

ϕ+=sinβϕ1+cosβϕ2+\boxed{\phi^+ = \sin \beta \phi_1^+ - \cos \beta \phi_2^+}

(d) 给定的汤川耦合拉氏量为:

Lm=λdijQˉLiϕ1dRjλuijϵabQˉLaiϕ2buRj+h.c.\mathcal{L}_m = -\lambda_d^{ij} \bar{Q}_L^i \cdot \phi_1 d_R^j - \lambda_u^{ij} \epsilon^{ab} \bar{Q}_{La}^i \phi_{2b}^\dagger u_R^j + \text{h.c.}

展开 SU(2)SU(2) 缩并,提取出包含带电标量场 ϕ1+\phi_1^+ϕ2\phi_2^- 的项:

Lcharged=λdijuˉLiϕ1+dRj+λuijdˉLiϕ2uRj+h.c.\mathcal{L}_{\text{charged}} = -\lambda_d^{ij} \bar{u}_L^i \phi_1^+ d_R^j + \lambda_u^{ij} \bar{d}_L^i \phi_2^- u_R^j + \text{h.c.}

利用 (c) 中的正交关系,将 ϕ1+\phi_1^+ϕ2\phi_2^- 用物理场 ϕ±\phi^\pm 和 Goldstone 场 G±G^\pm 表示:

ϕ1+=sinβϕ++cosβG+,ϕ2=(ϕ2+)=cosβϕ+sinβG\phi_1^+ = \sin \beta \phi^+ + \cos \beta G^+, \quad \phi_2^- = (\phi_2^+)^* = -\cos \beta \phi^- + \sin \beta G^-

只保留物理场 ϕ±\phi^\pm 的耦合:

Lϕ±=λdijsinβuˉLiϕ+dRjλuijcosβdˉLiϕuRj+h.c.\mathcal{L}_{\phi^\pm} = -\lambda_d^{ij} \sin \beta \bar{u}_L^i \phi^+ d_R^j - \lambda_u^{ij} \cos \beta \bar{d}_L^i \phi^- u_R^j + \text{h.c.}

夸克质量矩阵由中性 VEV 给出:md=v12λdm_d = \frac{v_1}{\sqrt{2}} \lambda_dmu=v22λum_u = \frac{v_2}{\sqrt{2}} \lambda_u。通过双幺正变换对角化质量矩阵:ULmuUR=MuU_L^\dagger m_u U_R = M_uDLmdDR=MdD_L^\dagger m_d D_R = M_d,其中 Mu,MdM_u, M_d 为对角质量矩阵,CKM 矩阵定义为 V=ULDLV = U_L^\dagger D_L。 在质量本征态基底下,耦合矩阵变为:

λd=2v1DLMdDR,λu=2v2ULMuUR\lambda_d = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{v_1} D_L M_d D_R^\dagger, \quad \lambda_u = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{v_2} U_L M_u U_R^\dagger

代入拉氏量并利用 v1=vcosβv_1 = v \cos \betav2=vsinβv_2 = v \sin \beta(其中 v=v12+v22v = \sqrt{v_1^2 + v_2^2}):

uˉLλddRsinβ=uˉL(ULDL)MddR2v1sinβ=uˉLVMddR2vtanβdˉLλuuRcosβ=dˉL(DLUL)MuuR2v2cosβ=dˉLVMuuR2vcotβ\begin{aligned} \bar{u}_L \lambda_d d_R \sin \beta &= \bar{u}_L (U_L^\dagger D_L) M_d d_R \frac{\sqrt{2}}{v_1} \sin \beta = \bar{u}_L V M_d d_R \frac{\sqrt{2}}{v} \tan \beta \\ \bar{d}_L \lambda_u u_R \cos \beta &= \bar{d}_L (D_L^\dagger U_L) M_u u_R \frac{\sqrt{2}}{v_2} \cos \beta = \bar{d}_L V^\dagger M_u u_R \frac{\sqrt{2}}{v} \cot \beta \end{aligned}

将第二项的厄米共轭(h.c.)部分写出,它正比于 ϕ+\phi^+

(2vcotβdˉLVMuuRϕ)=2vcotβuˉRMuVdLϕ+\left( - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{v} \cot \beta \bar{d}_L V^\dagger M_u u_R \phi^- \right)^\dagger = - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{v} \cot \beta \bar{u}_R M_u V d_L \phi^+

引入手征投影算符 PR,L=1±γ52P_{R,L} = \frac{1 \pm \gamma_5}{2},合并所有 ϕ+\phi^+ 的耦合项,最终得到物理带电希格斯玻色子与夸克质量本征态的耦合:

Lϕ±=2vϕ+uˉ(tanβVMdPR+cotβMuVPL)d+h.c.\boxed{\mathcal{L}_{\phi^\pm} = - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{v} \phi^+ \bar{u} \left( \tan\beta V M_d P_R + \cot\beta M_u V P_L \right) d + \text{h.c.}}