2.1 Derive the transformations x→1−v2x+vt and t→1−v2t+vx in perturbation theory. Start with the Galilean transformation x→x+vgt. Add a transformation t→t+δt and solve for δt assuming it is linear in x and t and preserves t2−x2 to O(v2) with vg=v. Repeat for δt and δx to second order in v and show that the result agrees with the second-order expansion of the full transformations for some function v(vg).
2.2 Special relativity and colliders. (a) The Large Hadron Collider was designed to collide protons together at 14 TeV center-of-mass energy. How many kilometers per hour less than the speed of light are the protons moving? (b) How fast is one proton moving with respect to the other?
习题 2.2 - 解答
物理背景与参数设定
大型强子对撞机(LHC)的质心系能量为 ECM=14 TeV。在对撞机质心系中,两束质子相向运动且动量大小相等,因此每个质子的总能量为:
E=2ECM=7 TeV=7000 GeV
已知质子的静止质量 mp≈0.9383 GeV/c2,真空中的光速 c=299,792,458 m/s。换算为 km/h 为:
c=299,792.458 km/s×3600 s/h≈1.079×109 km/h
2.3 The GZK bound. In 1966 Greisen, Zatsepin and Kuzmin argued that we should not see cosmic rays (high-energy protons hitting the atmosphere from outer space) above a certain energy, due to interactions of these rays with the cosmic microwave background. (a) The universe is a blackbody at 2.73 K. What is the average energy of the photons in outer space (in electronvolts)? (b) How much energy would a proton (p+) need to collide with a photon (γ) in outer space to convert it to a 135 MeV pion (π0)? That is, what is the energy threshold for p++γ→p++π0? (c) How much energy does the outgoing proton have after this reaction? This GZK bound was finally confirmed experimentally 40 years after it was conjectured [Abbasi et al., 2008].
取该四维矢量的能量分量(即时间分量):
Ep′=mp+mπmp(Ep+Eγ)
由于 Ep∼1020 eV 且 Eγ∼10−4 eV,显然 Ep+Eγ≈Ep。因此:
Ep′≈mp+mπmpEp
数值计算:mp+mπmp=938+135938=1073938≈0.8742Ep′≈0.8742×1.07×1020 eV≈9.35×1019 eV
Ep′≈9.35×1019 eV(物理意义:每次发生 GZK 相互作用,极高能质子大约会损失其初始能量的 12.6%,直到其能量降至 GZK 阈值以下,从而导致我们在地球上观测到的宇宙射线能谱在 1020 eV 附近出现急剧截断。)
2.4
Problem 2.4
schwarzChapter 2
习题 2.4
来源: 第2章, PDF第27页
2.4 Is the transformation Y:(t,x,y,z)→(t,x,−y,z) a Lorentz transformation? If so, why is it not considered with P and T as a discrete Lorentz transformation? If not, why not?
空间反演 P 的矩阵形式为 P=diag(1,−1,−1,−1)。
对于变换 Y,计算其行列式和时间分量:
detY=−1,Y00=1
这表明 Y 与 P 属于洛伦兹群的同一个连通分支。在群论意义上,如果两个离散变换可以通过一个连续的正常正时洛伦兹变换(如空间旋转)相互转化,那么它们在分类连通分支时是等价的,不需要作为独立的离散生成元。
我们可以显式地构造出连接 Y 和 P 的连续变换。考虑绕 y 轴旋转 π 角度的旋转矩阵 Ry(π):
Ry(π)=10000cosπ0−sinπ00100sinπ0cosπ=diag(1,−1,1,−1)
显然 Ry(π)∈SO+(1,3)。我们将 Ry(π) 作用于空间反演 P:
Ry(π)P=diag(1,−1,1,−1)diag(1,−1,−1,−1)=diag(1,1,−1,1)=Y
这表明单轴反演变换 Y 仅仅是全空间反演 P 加上一个绕 y 轴的连续空间旋转。
综上所述,最终结论如下:
Yes, Y is a Lorentz transformation.It is not considered a fundamental discrete transformation alongside P and T because Y=Ry(π)P.Since Y is continuously connected to P via a spatial rotation, it does not generate a new disconnected component of the Lorentz group.
2.5
Problem 2.5
schwarzChapter 2
习题 2.5
来源: 第2章, PDF第27,28页
2.5 Compton scattering. Suppose we scatter an X-ray off an electron in a crystal, but we cannot measure the electron's momentum, just the reflected X-ray momentum. (a) Why is it OK to treat the electrons as free? (b) Calculate the frequency dependence of the reflected X-ray on the scattering angle. Draw a rough plot. (c) What happens to the distribution as you take the electron mass to zero?
(d) If you did not believe in quantized photon momenta, what kind of distribution might you have expected? [Hint: see [Compton, 1923].]
习题 2.5 - 解答
(a) 为什么将电子视为自由粒子是合理的?
在晶体中,电子被束缚在原子核周围,其结合能(对于外层电子约为几 eV,内层电子为几百到几千 eV)通常远小于入射 X 射线光子的能量(通常在 10∼100 keV 量级)。
物理上,这个测度被称为相对论协变的三维动量空间相空间测度(Lorentz-invariant phase space measure),在量子场论的散射截面和衰变率计算中起着核心作用。
2.7
Problem 2.7
schwarzChapter 2
习题 2.7
来源: 第2章, PDF第28页
2.7 Coherent states of the simple harmonic oscillator. (a) Calculate ∂z(e−za†aeza†) where z is a complex number. (b) Show that ∣z⟩=eza†∣0⟩ is an eigenstate of a. What is its eigenvalue? (c) Calculate ⟨n∣z⟩. (d) Show that these "coherent states" are minimally dispersive: ΔpΔx=21, where Δx2=⟨x2⟩−⟨x⟩2 and Δp2=⟨p2⟩−⟨p⟩2, where ⟨x⟩=⟨z∣z⟩⟨z∣x∣z⟩ and ⟨p⟩=⟨z∣z⟩⟨z∣p∣z⟩. (e) Why can you not make an eigenstate of a†?
习题 2.7 - 解答
题目分析与物理背景
本题探讨一维简谐振子的相干态(Coherent states)。相干态是量子力学中非常重要的一类量子态,它在形式上是湮灭算符 a 的本征态,其物理图像最接近经典简谐振子的运动。相干态满足最小不确定度关系,且在演化过程中波包形状保持不变。题目采用自然单位制(ℏ=m=ω=1),此时位置与动量算符可无量纲化表示为 x=21(a+a†) 和 p=i21(a−a†)。