16.1 Calculate the pμpν pieces of the vacuum polarization graph in scalar QED and in spinor QED. Show that your result is consistent with the Ward identity.
习题 16.1 - 解答
1. 旋量量子电动力学 (Spinor QED) 中的真空极化
在旋量 QED 中,单圈真空极化张量 Πμν(p) 的费曼振幅由费米子圈贡献:
iΠμν(p)=−(−ie)2∫(2π)4d4kTr[γμk2−m2i(k+m)γν(k+p)2−m2i(k+p+m)]
在标量 QED 中,单圈真空极化由两个图组成:包含两个三线顶点的圈图(图1)和包含一个四线顶点的海鸥图(图2)。
iΠμν(p)=iΠ1μν(p)+iΠ2μν(p)iΠ1μν(p)=(ie)2∫(2π)4d4k(k2−m2)((k+p)2−m2)(2k+p)μ(2k+p)νiΠ2μν(p)=−2ie2gμν∫(2π)4d4kk2−m21
pμpν 的贡献仅来源于图1。引入 Feynman 参数 x 并作动量平移 l=k+xp,分子变为 (2l+(1−2x)p)μ(2l+(1−2x)p)ν。
丢弃奇数次 l 项,提取出 pμpν 的系数为 (1−2x)2。
利用维数正规化计算该部分的积分:
Πμν(p)pμpν=−e2pμpν∫01dx∫(2π)dddl[l2−Δ]2(1−2x)2Πμν(p)pμpν=−(4π)2e2pμpν∫01dx(1−2x)2(ϵ2−γ+log(4π)−logΔ)
16.3 The pions, π±, are charged scalar quark-antiquark bound states (mesons) with masses of 139 MeV. The tauon is a lepton with mass 1770 MeV. Consider the contribution of the vacuum polarization amplitude to π+π−→π+π− through a virtual τ loop in QED. For simplicity, consider the s-channel contribution only. (a) Plot ∣M∣2 as a function of s for forward scattering (t=0). You should find a kink at s=s0. What is s0? What is going on physically when s>s0? (b) Plot the real and imaginary parts of M separately. Calculate Im(M) explicitly and show that it agrees with your plot. (c) Find a relationship between Im(M) at t=0 and the total rate for π+π−→τ+τ−. This is a special case of a general and powerful result known as the optical theorem, which is discussed in detail in Chapter 24.
16.4 Where is the location of the Landau pole in QED if you include contributions from the electron, muon and tauon (all with charge Q=−1), from nine quarks (three colors times three flavors) with charge Q=32 and from nine quarks with charge Q=−31?
习题 16.4 - 解答
习题分析与物理背景
在量子电动力学(QED)中,真空极化效应会导致耦合常数随能标 μ 发生“跑动”(running)。在单圈(1-loop)近似下,QED 的跑动耦合常数 α(μ)=e2(μ)/(4π) 满足如下重整化群方程(RGE):
μdμdα=3π2α2∑iQi2
其中,求和遍历所有活跃的狄拉克费米子,Qi 为第 i 种费米子所带电荷(以基本电荷 e 为单位)。