28.1 Show that writing ϕ(x)=λ2m2+ϕ~(x) for the linear sigma model in Section 28.2.1 leads to a mass matrix with zero eigenvalue. Show that when a linear combination of the two real fields in the complex field ϕ~ is chosen to diagonalize the mass matrix, the expansion in Eq. (28.12) results.
28.4 Consider a theory with n real scalar fields and Lagrangian L=−21ϕi(□−m2)ϕi−4λ(ϕiϕi)2. (a) What are the global symmetries of this theory? (b) What are all the possible vacua of this theory? Are all the vacua equivalent? (c) Write down the Lagrangian for small excitations around one of the vacua. How many Goldstone bosons are there?
习题 28.4 - 解答
(a) 理论的全局对称性
通过分部积分(假设表面项为零),拉格朗日量中的动能项可以重写为标准形式。该理论的拉格朗日量为:
L=21∂μϕi∂μϕi+21m2ϕiϕi−4λ(ϕiϕi)2
其中重复指标 i 隐含求和(i=1,2,…,n),即 ϕiϕi=∑i=1nϕi2=ϕ⋅ϕ。
观察可知,拉格朗日量完全由标量场向量 ϕ 的内积 ϕ⋅ϕ 及其导数的内积构成。因此,该拉格朗日量在 n 维实正交变换 ϕi→Rijϕj 下保持不变,其中 R∈O(n)。
28.5 For grand unification based on SU(5) to work, there must be a potential for the 24 scalar fields Φa such that Φ=Φaτa has a minimum in the form of Eq. (28.55). Consider the most general SU(5)-invariant potential for Φ:
V=−m2tr(Φ2)+atr(Φ4)+b[tr(Φ2)]2.(28.73)
One can always choose a basis where ⟨Φ⟩=vdiag(a1,a2,a3,a4,a5) with ∑iai=0. (a) For what values of m2, a and b is ⟨Φ⟩=vdiag(2,2,2,−3,−3) an extremum? (b) Show that excitations around ⟨Φ⟩=vdiag(2,2,2,−3,−3) all have non-negative mass-squared. (c) Find all possible minima for this potential. This is easiest if you impose the tracelessness condition with a Lagrange multiplier. (d) For the minimum of the form ⟨Φ⟩=vdiag(1,1,1,1,−4), what are the masses of the massive gauge bosons, and what is the unbroken gauge group?