29.1 The dominant production mechanism for Higgs bosons at LEP was e+e−→ZH. Calculate the total cross section for this process at tree-level in the Standard Model. How many 100 GeV Higgs bosons would there have been when LEP ran at 206 GeV?
习题 29.1 - 解答
物理背景与过程分析
在标准模型中,LEP 上的希格斯玻色子主要产生机制为 Higgs-strahlung 过程:e+(p1)+e−(p2)→Z∗(q)→Z(k1)+H(k2)。
在树图阶,该过程通过 s-通道的虚 Z 玻色子交换进行。由于 LEP 运行能量 s=206 GeV 远高于 Z 玻色子质量(mZ≈91.2 GeV),我们可以忽略 Z 玻色子传播子中的宽度 ΓZ。同时,电子质量 me 极小,在极高能下可完全忽略(me→0)。
29.2e+e−→hadrons in the Standard Model. (a) Calculate the rate for the total cross section σtot(e+e−→hadrons) in the Standard Model at tree-level including both Z-boson and photon contributions and their interference. The contribution using photons alone was calculated in Section 26.3. (b) Calculate σtot at 1-loop. (c) Plot the total cross section as a function of center-of-mass energy showing separately the photon contribution, the Z-boson contribution, and their sum. Plot also the sum ignoring interference between the Z-boson and photon contributions. When can interference be ignored?
习题 29.2 - 解答
(a) 树图阶总截面 σtot(e+e−→hadrons)
在标准模型中,正负电子湮灭产生强子(即夸克-反夸克对 e+e−→qqˉ)的树图阶过程包含 s-通道的光子 (γ) 交换和 Z 玻色子交换。
设电子和夸克与 Z 玻色子的矢量和轴矢量耦合常数分别为 cVf 和 cAf。在标准约定下,相互作用顶点为 −icosθWgγμ(cVf−cAfγ5),其中:
cVf=21T3f−Qfsin2θW,cAf=21T3f
对于电子,Qe=−1,T3e=−1/2;对于夸克,Qf 为分数电荷,T3f=±1/2。
纯 Z 玻色子贡献:
同理,纯 Z 交换的平方项中,交叉项(正比于 cVcAcosθ)积分后消失,仅留下 (cV2+cA2) 项:
σZ=3s4πα2Ncsin4θWcos4θW((cVe)2+(cAe)2)((cVf)2+(cAf)2)(s−MZ2)2+MZ2ΓZ2s2
在 Z 极点附近 (s≈MZ):干涉项正比于 s−MZ2。在共振峰处,传播子的实部穿过零点,导致干涉项严格为零。
在远离 Z 极点的区域:干涉项的系数正比于电子的矢量耦合常数 cVe=−41+sin2θW。由于实验测得的弱混合角 sin2θW≈0.2315,这使得 cVe≈−0.0185≪1。电子的矢量耦合由于偶然的参数相消而极小,导致 γ−Z 干涉项受到强烈的参数压低。
因此,在计算总截面时,忽略干涉项是一个极其优良的近似。
29.3
Problem 29.3
schwarzChapter 29
习题 29.3
来源: 第29章, PDF第614页
29.3 Higgs decays. (a) Calculate the rate for H→bbˉ in the Standard Model. (b) Calculate the rate for H→gg in the Standard Model. The dominant contribution to this comes from a triangle loop diagram involving top quarks. (c) Calculate the rate for H→γγ in the Standard Model. Include contributions both from top loops and from loops of W bosons. (d) Plot the branching ratios for H→bbˉ, H→gg and H→γγ as a function of Higgs mass.
习题 29.3 - 解答
(a) Calculate the rate for H→bbˉ in the Standard Model
29.4 Partial wave unitarity. (a) Calculate the matrix element for longitudinal WL+WL−→WL+WL− scattering in the Standard Model. (b) Show that the high-energy behavior of this matrix element is reproduced using the Goldstone boson equivalence theorem.
(c) Does this give a stronger unitarity constraint than the one using WL+ZL→WL+ZL scattering?
29.5 Figure 29.2 includes a number of experimental constraints on the CKM matrix. (a) The parameter ϵK is what we were calling ϵ in Section 29.5.2. Why do the curves marked ϵK have the shape they do? That is, what combination of CKM elements is ϵK sensitive to? (b) What could you measure to produce the curves marked Δmd or ∣Vub∣?
关于 ϵK 敏感的 CKM 矩阵元组合,由上述推导可知,它直接依赖于 Im(λcλt) 和 Im(λt2)。
The parameter ϵK is sensitive to the combinations Im(Vcs∗VcdVts∗Vtd) and Im((Vts∗Vtd)2).
(b) 产生 Δmd 和 ∣Vub∣ 曲线的物理测量
1. Δmd 曲线Δmd 是中性 B 介子系统 (B0−Bˉ0,即 Bd 介子) 的质量差。与 K 介子系统类似,它由盒图主导。但由于顶夸克质量极大 (mt≫mc,mu),顶夸克在环图中的贡献占据绝对主导地位。
Δmd∝∣VtbVtd∗∣2S0(xt)
由于 Vtb≈1,我们有 Δmd∝∣Vtd∣2。在 Wolfenstein 参数化下:
∣Vtd∣2=∣Aλ3(1−ρˉ−iηˉ)∣2=A2λ6[(1−ρˉ)2+ηˉ2]
这在 (ρˉ,ηˉ) 平面上是一个以 (1,0) 为圆心的圆。
为了产生这条曲线,需要测量 B0−Bˉ0 混合的振荡频率。
To produce the Δmd curves, one must measure the time-dependent oscillation frequency of B0↔Bˉ0 mixing.
(实验上通常通过测量 B0 介子衰变到特定味最终态(如半轻子衰变 B0→D−ℓ+ν)的时间演化率来实现)。
2. ∣Vub∣ 曲线∣Vub∣ 对应于底夸克到上夸克的带电流弱衰变 (b→uW−)。在 Wolfenstein 参数化下:
Vub=Aλ3(ρˉ−iηˉ)⟹∣Vub∣2=A2λ6(ρˉ2+ηˉ2)
这在 (ρˉ,ηˉ) 平面上是一个以原点 (0,0) 为圆心的圆。
为了产生这条曲线,需要测量不含粲夸克的 B 介子半轻子衰变过程的衰变率(分支比)。
To produce the ∣Vub∣ curves, one must measure the branching ratios of charmless semileptonic B decays (e.g., B→πℓν or inclusive B→Xuℓν).
29.6
Problem 29.6
schwarzChapter 29
习题 29.6
来源: 第29章, PDF第615页
29.6 Show that with general Dirac and Majorana mass matrices, there are three phases in the PNMS matrix, while if the mass matrix is purely Dirac, there is only one. How many phases are there if the masses are purely Majorana?
If the masses are purely Majorana, there are also 3 phases in the PMNS matrix.
29.7
Problem 29.7
schwarzChapter 29
习题 29.7
来源: 第29章, PDF第615页
29.7 Neutrino oscillations. (a) Neutrinos are produced in the Sun predominantly through the reaction p+p+e−→d+νe. What is the momentum of the neutrinos produced this way? (b) Consider a two-neutrino flavor system. The mass eigenstates evolve in time as
where θ is the mixing angle. Show that the probability of finding a solar neutrino as an electron neutrino after a time T is given by
P=1−sin2(2θ)sin22(E2−E1)T.(29.119)
(c) Take the high-energy limit E≫mν to show that the probability of finding a solar neutrino with energy E as an electron neutrino at a distance L is given by
P=1−sin2(2θ)sin24EΔm2L.(29.120)
(d) How far should you put your detector from a reactor producing ∼4MeV neutrinos assuming Δm2=7.5×10−5 eV2 to see the largest effect?
习题 29.7 - 解答
(a)
在太阳中,通过 p+p+e−→d+νe(即 pep 反应)产生的电子中微子是单能的。由于太阳核心的温度对应的热能(∼keV)远小于参与反应粒子的静止质量,可以近似认为初始状态的质子和电子处于静止状态。
29.8 Show that when you integrate out the right-handed neutrinos in Eq. (29.63), a dimension-5 operator like that in Eq. (29.65) results. What is the exact relationship between Mij and Mij?
注:题干公式中的 −iMij(νRi)cνRj 和 (H~Lj)† 存在常见的排版或OCR识别错误。根据 Schwartz《Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model》原书第29章 Eq. (29.63) 和 Eq. (29.65),标准的马约拉纳质量项应为 −21MijνRciνRj,维度为5的算符应为 −Mij(LˉiH~)(H~TLcj)。以下推导将基于标准物理形式进行。
对上述两式在代空间取行列式:
detL=exp[iTr(αV−αA)]detR=exp[iTr(αV+αA)]
由于 L 和 R 是幺正矩阵,它们的行列式是纯相位,因此可以提取出轴矢量生成元的迹:
Tr(2αA)=Tr(αV+αA)−Tr(αV−αA)=−ilndetR−(−ilndetL)Tr(2αA)=argdetR−argdetL