63.1

Problem 63.1

srednickiChapter 63

习题 63.1

来源: 第63章, PDF第382页


63.1 The most general possible form of uˉ′Vμ(p′,p)u\bar{u}' V^\mu(p', p) u is a linear combination of γμ\gamma^\mu, pμp^\mu, and p′μp'^\mu sandwiched between uˉ′\bar{u}' and uu, with coefficients that depend on q2q^2. (The only other possibility is to include terms with γ5\gamma_5, but γ5\gamma_5 does not appear in the tree-level propagators or vertex, and so it cannot be generated in any Feynman diagram; this is a consequence of parity conservation.) Thus we can write

uˉs′(p′)Vμ(p′,p)us(p)=euˉ′[A(q2)γμ+B(q2)(p′+p)μ+C(q2)(p′−p)μ]u.(63.23)\begin{aligned} \bar{u}_{s'}(\mathbf{p}') \mathbf{V}^\mu(p', p) u_s(\mathbf{p}) &= e \bar{u}' [A(q^2)\gamma^\mu + B(q^2)(p' + p)^\mu \\ &\quad + C(q^2)(p' - p)^\mu] u . \end{aligned} \tag{63.23}

a) Use gauge invariance to show that qμuˉ′Vμ(p′,p)u=0q_\mu \bar{u}' \mathbf{V}^\mu(p', p) u = 0, and determine the consequences for AA, BB, and CC.

b) Express F1F_1 and F2F_2 in terms of AA, BB, and CC.

习题 63.1 - 解答


(a)

在量子电动力学(QED)中,规范不变性要求物理的散射振幅在规范变换下保持不变。这在动量空间中体现为 Ward-Takahashi 恒等式: qμVμ(p′,p)=S−1(p)−S−1(p′)q_\mu \mathbf{V}^\mu(p', p) = S^{-1}(p) - S^{-1}(p') 其中 S(p)S(p) 是完整的费米子传播子。当该顶点函数被夹在在壳(on-shell)的外部费米子旋量 uˉs′(p′)\bar{u}_{s'}(\mathbf{p}') 和 us(p)u_s(\mathbf{p}) 之间时,由于在壳旋量满足狄拉克方程,逆传播子作用于其上结果为零,即 S−1(p)us(p)=0S^{-1}(p) u_s(\mathbf{p}) = 0 且 uˉs′(p′)S−1(p′)=0\bar{u}_{s'}(\mathbf{p}') S^{-1}(p') = 0。因此,规范不变性直接导致: qμuˉ′Vμ(p′,p)u=0q_\mu \bar{u}' \mathbf{V}^\mu(p', p) u = 0

将题目给出的 uˉ′Vμ(p′,p)u\bar{u}' \mathbf{V}^\mu(p', p) u 的一般形式代入上式,并利用动量转移 q=p′−pq = p' - p 进行收缩:

qμuˉ′Vμ(p′,p)u=euˉ′[A(q2)qμγμ+B(q2)qμ(p′+p)μ+C(q2)qμ(p′−p)μ]u=euˉ′[A(q2)q̸+B(q2)(p′−p)⋅(p′+p)+C(q2)(p′−p)⋅(p′−p)]u\begin{aligned} q_\mu \bar{u}' \mathbf{V}^\mu(p', p) u &= e \bar{u}' \left[ A(q^2) q_\mu \gamma^\mu + B(q^2) q_\mu (p' + p)^\mu + C(q^2) q_\mu (p' - p)^\mu \right] u \\ &= e \bar{u}' \left[ A(q^2) \not{q} + B(q^2) (p' - p) \cdot (p' + p) + C(q^2) (p' - p) \cdot (p' - p) \right] u \end{aligned}

接下来逐项化简:

  1. 对于第一项,利用 q̸≠p′−p̸\not{q} = \not{p}' - \not{p} 以及在壳旋量满足的狄拉克方程 p̸u=mu\not{p} u = m u 和 uˉ′̸p′=uˉ′m\bar{u}' \not{p}' = \bar{u}' m: uˉ′q̸u=uˉ′(̸p′−p̸)u=uˉ′(m−m)u=0\bar{u}' \not{q} u = \bar{u}' (\not{p}' - \not{p}) u = \bar{u}' (m - m) u = 0
  2. 对于第二项,利用在壳条件 p2=p′2=m2p^2 = p'^2 = m^2: (p′−p)⋅(p′+p)=p′2−p2=m2−m2=0(p' - p) \cdot (p' + p) = p'^2 - p^2 = m^2 - m^2 = 0
  3. 对于第三项,直接有: (p′−p)⋅(p′−p)=q2(p' - p) \cdot (p' - p) = q^2

将上述结果代回原式,得到: eC(q2)q2uˉ′u=0e C(q^2) q^2 \bar{u}' u = 0 由于该等式必须对任意的动量转移 q2q^2 成立,且一般情况下 uˉ′u≠0\bar{u}' u \neq 0,因此必须满足: C(q2)=0\boxed{C(q^2) = 0} 规范不变性对 A(q2)A(q^2) 和 B(q2)B(q^2) 没有施加任何限制。

(b)

在 QED 中,包含单光子顶点的矩阵元通常使用 Dirac 形状因子 F1(q2)F_1(q^2) 和 Pauli 形状因子 F2(q2)F_2(q^2) 进行标准参数化: uˉ′Vμ(p′,p)u=euˉ′[F1(q2)γμ+F2(q2)iσμνqν2m]u\bar{u}' \mathbf{V}^\mu(p', p) u = e \bar{u}' \left[ F_1(q^2) \gamma^\mu + F_2(q^2) \frac{i \sigma^{\mu\nu} q_\nu}{2m} \right] u

为了将题目给出的形式与标准形式联系起来,需要使用 Gordon 分解恒等式。Gordon 分解将对流电流(与动量相关)和自旋电流(与 σμν\sigma^{\mu\nu} 相关)联系起来: uˉ′γμu=uˉ′[(p′+p)μ2m+iσμνqν2m]u\bar{u}' \gamma^\mu u = \bar{u}' \left[ \frac{(p' + p)^\mu}{2m} + \frac{i \sigma^{\mu\nu} q_\nu}{2m} \right] u 通过移项,可以将 (p′+p)μ(p' + p)^\mu 表达为 γμ\gamma^\mu 和 σμνqν\sigma^{\mu\nu} q_\nu 的组合: uˉ′(p′+p)μu=uˉ′[2mγμ−iσμνqν]u\bar{u}' (p' + p)^\mu u = \bar{u}' \left[ 2m \gamma^\mu - i \sigma^{\mu\nu} q_\nu \right] u

将此关系式以及 (a) 问中得到的 C(q2)=0C(q^2) = 0 代入题目给出的一般形式中:

uˉ′Vμ(p′,p)u=euˉ′[A(q2)γμ+B(q2)(p′+p)μ]u=euˉ′[A(q2)γμ+B(q2)(2mγμ−iσμνqν)]u=euˉ′[(A(q2)+2mB(q2))γμ−iB(q2)σμνqν]u\begin{aligned} \bar{u}' \mathbf{V}^\mu(p', p) u &= e \bar{u}' \left[ A(q^2) \gamma^\mu + B(q^2) (p' + p)^\mu \right] u \\ &= e \bar{u}' \left[ A(q^2) \gamma^\mu + B(q^2) (2m \gamma^\mu - i \sigma^{\mu\nu} q_\nu) \right] u \\ &= e \bar{u}' \left[ (A(q^2) + 2m B(q^2)) \gamma^\mu - i B(q^2) \sigma^{\mu\nu} q_\nu \right] u \end{aligned}

将上式与标准参数化形式进行逐项对比: F1(q2)γμ+F2(q2)iσμνqν2m=(A(q2)+2mB(q2))γμ−iB(q2)σμνqνF_1(q^2) \gamma^\mu + F_2(q^2) \frac{i \sigma^{\mu\nu} q_\nu}{2m} = (A(q^2) + 2m B(q^2)) \gamma^\mu - i B(q^2) \sigma^{\mu\nu} q_\nu

比较 γμ\gamma^\mu 的系数,可得: F1(q2)=A(q2)+2mB(q2)\boxed{F_1(q^2) = A(q^2) + 2m B(q^2)}

比较 iσμνqνi \sigma^{\mu\nu} q_\nu 的系数,可得 F2(q2)2m=−B(q2)\frac{F_2(q^2)}{2m} = -B(q^2),即: F2(q2)=−2mB(q2)\boxed{F_2(q^2) = -2m B(q^2)}