习题 13.3
来源: 第13章, PDF第466,467,468页
13.3 The CPN model. The nonlinear sigma model discussed in the text can be thought of as a quantum theory of fields that are coordinates on the unit sphere. A slightly more complicated space of high symmetry is complex projective space,
CPN. This space can be defined as the space of (N+1)-dimensional complex vectors (z1,…,zN+1) subject to the condition
j∑∣zj∣2=1,
with points related by an overall phase rotation identified, that is,
(eiαz1,…,eiαzN+1)identified with(z1,…,zN+1).
In this problem, we study the two-dimensional quantum field theory whose fields are coordinates on this space.
(a) One way to represent a theory of coordinates on CPN is to write a Lagrangian depending on fields zj(x), subject to the constraint, which also has the local symmetry
zj(x)→eiα(x)zj(x),
independently at each point x. Show that the following Lagrangian has this symmetry:
L=g21[∣∂μzj∣2−∣zj∗∂μzj∣2].
To prove the invariance, you will need to use the constraint on the zj, and its consequence
zj∗∂μzj=−(∂μzj∗)zj.
Show that the nonlinear sigma model for the case N=3 can be converted to the CPN model for the case N=1 by the substitution
ni=z∗σiz,
where σi are the Pauli sigma matrices.
(b) To write the Lagrangian in a simpler form, introduce a scalar Lagrange multiplier λ which implements the constraint and also a vector Lagrange multiplier Aμ to express the local symmetry. More specifically, show that the Lagrangian of the CPN model is obtained from the Lagrangian
L=g21[∣Dμzj∣2−λ(∣zj∣2−1)],
where Dμ=(∂μ+iAμ), by functionally integrating over the fields λ and Aμ.
(c) We can solve the CPN model in the limit N→∞ by integrating over the fields zj. Show that this integral leads to the expression
Z=∫DADλexp[−Ntrlog(−D2−λ)+g2i∫d2xλ],
where we have kept only the leading terms for N→∞, g2N fixed. Using methods similar to those we used for the nonlinear sigma model, examine the conditions for minimizing the exponent with respect to λ and Aμ. Show that these conditions have a solution at Aμ=0 and λ=m2>0. Show that, if g2 is renormalized at the scale M, m can be written as
m=Mexp[−g2N2π].
** (d) ** Now expand the exponent about Aμ=0. Show that the first nontrivial term in this expansion is proportional to the vacuum polarization of massive scalar fields. Evaluate this expression using dimensional regularization, and show that it yields a standard kinetic energy term for Aμ. Thus the strange nonlinear field theory that we started with is finally transformed into a theory of (N+1) massive scalar fields interacting with a massless photon.