83.1 Suppose that the color group is SO(3) rather than SU(3), and that each quark flavor is represented by a Dirac field in the 3 representation of SO(3).
a) With nF flavors of massless quarks, what is the nonanomalous flavor group?
b) Assume the formation of a color-singlet, Lorentz scalar, fermion condensate. Assume that it preserves the largest possible unbroken subgroup of the flavor symmetry. What is this unbroken subgroup?
c) For the case nF=2, how many massless Goldstone bosons are there?
d) Now suppose that the color group is SU(2) rather than SU(3), and that each quark flavor is represented by a Dirac field in the 2 representation of SU(2). Repeat parts (a), (b), and (c) for this case. Hint: at least one of the answers is different!
83.4 Use eqs. (83.12) and (83.16) to compute the tree-level contribution to the scattering amplitude for πaπb→πcπd. Work in the isospin limit, mu=md≡m. Express your answer in terms of the Mandelstam variables and the pion mass mπ.
83.6 Consider the case of three light quark flavors, with masses mu, md, and ms.
a) Find the masses-squared of the eight pseudogoldstone bosons. Take the limit mu,d≪ms, and drop terms that are of order mu,d2/ms.
b) Assume that mπ±2 and mK±2 each receive an electromagnetic contribution; to zeroth order in the quark masses, this contribution is the same for both, but the comparatively large strange quark mass results in an electromagnetic contribution to mK±2 that is roughly twice as large as the electromagnetic contribution ΔmEM2 to mπ±2. Use the observed masses of the π±, π0, K±, and K0 to compute muv3/fπ2, mdv3/fπ2, msv3/fπ2, and ΔmEM2.
c) Compute the quark mass ratios mu/md and ms/md.
d) Use your results from part (b) to predict the η mass. How good is your prediction?
83.7 Suppose that the U(1)A symmetry is not anomalous, so that we must include a ninth Goldstone boson. We can write
U(x)=exp[2iπa(x)Ta/fπ+iπ9(x)/f9].(83.33)
The ninth Goldstone boson is given its own decay constant f9, since there is no symmetry that forces it to be equal to fπ. We write the two-derivative terms in the lagrangian as
a) By requiring all nine Goldstone fields to have canonical kinetic terms, determine F in terms of fπ and f9.
b) To simplify the analysis, let mu=md≡m≪ms. Find the masses of the nine pseudogoldstone bosons. Identify the three lightest as the pions, and call their mass mπ. Show that another one of the nine has a mass less than or equal to 3mπ. (The nonexistence of such a
particle in nature is the U(1) problem; the axial anomaly solves this problem.)
83.8 a) Write down all possible parity and time-reversal invariant terms with no derviatives that are bilinear in the nucleon field N and that have one factor of the quark mass matrix M.
b) Reexpress your result in terms of the nucleon field N.
c) Use the observed neutron-proton mass difference, mn−mp=1.293 MeV, and the mu/md ratio you found in problem 83.6, to determine as much as you can about the coefficients of the terms wrote down. (Ignore the mass difference due to electromagnetism.)
习题 83.8 - 解答
习题 83.8 分析与解答
(a) 构造宇称与时间反演不变的双线性项
先分析核子场 N 与夸克质量矩阵 M 在手征对称性 SU(2)L×SU(2)R 下的变换性质。核子场 N 变换为 N→UN,其中 U 是由非线性 σ 模型场 ξ=exp(iπaτa/fπ) 诱导的局域 SU(2)V 变换。夸克质量矩阵 M=diag(mu,md) 作为 spurion(伪场),其变换规则为 M→LMR†。
为了构造不含导数且在手征变换下不变的项,我们需要用 ξ 场对 M 进行修饰,使其按伴随表示变换。定义以下两个组合:
M+=ξ†Mξ†+ξMξM−=ξ†Mξ†−ξMξ
它们在手征变换下均变换为 M±→UM±U†。
接下来分析它们在宇称 (P) 和时间反演 (T) 下的变换性质:
宇称 (P):π→−π⟹ξ→ξ†。因此 M+→M+(P 偶),M−→−M−(P 奇)。核子双线性型 NˉN 是 P 偶的,Nˉγ5N 是 P 奇的。
时间反演 (T):由于 π 是赝标量场,TπT−1=−π。考虑到 T 是反幺正算符(TiT−1=−i),我们有 TξT−1=ξ。因此 M+→M+(T 偶),M−→−M−(T 奇)。对于核子双线性型,标准结果表明 NˉN 和 Nˉγ5N 均为 T 偶。
根据上述分析,所有可能的收缩方式为:
NˉNTr(M+):P 偶,T 偶 ⟹ 允许。
NˉM+N:P 偶,T 偶 ⟹ 允许。
Nˉγ5NTr(M−):P 偶(奇×奇),但 T 奇(偶×奇) ⟹ 被 T 对称性禁止。
Nˉγ5M−N:P 偶,但 T 奇 ⟹ 被 T 对称性禁止。
因此,满足 P 和 T 不变性、不含导数、关于 N 双线性且包含一个 M 因子的最一般拉格朗日量项仅有两项:
LM=c1Tr(ξ†Mξ†+ξMξ)NˉN+c2Nˉ(ξ†Mξ†+ξMξ)N
其中 c1 和 c2 是实常数。
(b) 用核子场 N 重新表达
核子场 N 与线性变换的核子场 N 之间的关系由手征投影算符 PR,L=21±γ5 给出:
N=ξ†PLN+ξPRN
取狄拉克伴随,得到:
Nˉ=NˉPRξ+NˉPLξ†