为了利用题目给出的矩阵元条件 ⟨n′∣H∣n⟩=f(n′−n),我们在算符 H 左侧插入一组完备的基矢投影算符 ∑n′=−∞+∞∣n′⟩⟨n′∣=I:
H∣θ⟩=n′=−∞∑+∞∣n′⟩⟨n′∣(n=−∞∑+∞e−inθH∣n⟩)
H∣θ⟩=n′=−∞∑+∞n=−∞∑+∞e−inθ⟨n′∣H∣n⟩∣n′⟩
代入已知的矩阵元形式 ⟨n′∣H∣n⟩=f(n′−n):
H∣θ⟩=n′=−∞∑+∞n=−∞∑+∞e−inθf(n′−n)∣n′⟩
接下来使用变量代换技巧。令 m=n′−n,则 n=n′−m。由于 n 的求和范围是 −∞ 到 +∞,对于任意固定的 n′,m 的求和范围依然是 −∞ 到 +∞。将求和指标从 n 替换为 m:
H∣θ⟩=n′=−∞∑+∞m=−∞∑+∞e−i(n′−m)θf(m)∣n′⟩
将指数项拆开 e−i(n′−m)θ=e−in′θeimθ,并重新组合求和项。由于 m 和 n′ 的求和是相互独立的,我们可以将表达式分离为两部分:
H∣θ⟩=(m=−∞∑+∞f(m)eimθ)(n′=−∞∑+∞e−in′θ∣n′⟩)
观察上式右侧的两个括号:
第二个括号内的表达式正是题目定义的态 ∣θ⟩。
第一个括号内的表达式是一个仅依赖于参数 θ 的标量函数,我们将其定义为本征值 E(θ):
E(θ)=m=−∞∑+∞f(m)eimθ
结论
将上述定义代回原式,我们得到:
H∣θ⟩=E(θ)∣θ⟩
这表明 ∣θ⟩ 确实是哈密顿量 H 的本征态,且对应的本征值为 E(θ)。
最终结果如下:
H∣θ⟩=E(θ)∣θ⟩,whereE(θ)=m=−∞∑+∞f(m)eimθ
93.3
Problem 93.3
srednickiChapter 93
习题 93.3
来源: 第93章, PDF第580,581页
93.3 The winding number n for a map from S3→S3 is given by eq. (93.3), where U†U=1. We will prove that n is invariant under an infinitesimal deformation of U. Since any smooth deformation can be made by compounding infinitesimal ones, this will prove that n is invariant under any smooth deformation.
a) Consider an infinitesimal deformation of U, U→U+δU. Show that δU†=−U†δUU†, and hence that δ(U∂kU†)=−U∂k(U†δU)U†.
Plug in your result from part (a), and integrate ∂k by parts. Show that the resulting integrand vanishes. Hint: make repeated use of U∂iU†=−∂iUU†, and the antisymmetry of εijk.
93.4 Show that if Un(x) and Uk(x) are maps from S3→S3 with winding numbers n and k, then Un(x)Uk(x) is a map with winding number n+k. Hint: consider smoothly deforming Un(x) to equal one for x3<0. How should Uk(x) be deformed?
For the original map: n=1For the generalized map with ϕ→nϕ: Winding number =n
93.6
Problem 93.6
srednickiChapter 93
习题 93.6
来源: 第93章, PDF第581页
93.6 Use eq. (93.16) to compute the winding number for Un, where U is the map given in eq. (93.29). Hint: first show that U can be written in the form U=exp[iχ⋅σ], where χ is a three-vector that you should specify. Is your result in accord with the theorem of problem 93.4?