13.1 Of the tree-level processes in QED, Møller scattering (e−e−→e−e−) is especially interesting because it involves identical particles. (a) Calculate the spin-averaged differential cross section for Møller scattering, e−e−→e−e−. Express your answer in terms of s,t,u and me. (b) Show that in the non-relativistic limit you get what we guessed by spin-conservation arguments in Problem 7.3:
(a) Evaluate the phase-space integrals for 1→2 decays. Show that the total rate is
Γ(ϕ→e+e−)=16πmϕ1−4x2∣M∣2,x=mϕme.(13.164)
(b) Evaluate Γ for a particle ϕ of mass mϕ decaying to e+e− of mass me if
ϕ is a scalar, with interaction gSϕψˉψ;
ϕ is a pseudoscalar, with interaction igPϕψˉγ5ψ;
ϕ is a vector, with interaction gVϕμψˉγμψ;
ϕ is an axial vector, with interaction igAϕμψˉγμγ5ψ.
(c) Breaking news! A collider experiment reports evidence of a new particle that decays only to leptons (τ,μ and e) whose mass is around 4 GeV. About 25% of the time it decays to τ+τ−. What spin and parity might this particle have?
考虑一个包含 n 个顶点的费米子闭环。在微扰展开的 Dyson 级数中,第 n 阶项包含如下形式的编时乘积(Time-ordered product):
T[(ψˉ1Γ1ψ1)(ψˉ2Γ2ψ2)⋯(ψˉnΓnψn)]
其中 ψi≡ψ(xi),Γi 代表相互作用顶点处的狄拉克矩阵结构(例如 QED 中的 γμ)。
Every closed fermionic loop in a Feynman diagram contributes an overall factor of −1.
13.5
Problem 13.5
schwarzChapter 13
习题 13.5
来源: 第13章, PDF第248,249页
13.5 Consider the following diagram for e+e−→μ+μ− in QED:
(a) How many diagrams contribute at the same order in perturbation theory? (b) What is the minimal set of diagrams you need to add to this one for the sum to be gauge invariant (independent of ξ)?
(c) Show explicitly that the sum of diagrams in part (b) is gauge invariant.
The sum Mdir+Mcross is explicitly gauge invariant.
13.6
Problem 13.6
schwarzChapter 13
习题 13.6
来源: 第13章, PDF第249,250页
13.6 Parity violation. We calculated that e+e−→μ+μ− has a 1+cos2θ angular dependence (see Eq. (13.78)), where θ is the angle between the e− and μ− directions. This agrees with experiment, as the simulated data on the left side of Figure 13.2 show. The angular distribution for scattering into muon neutrinos, e+e−→νμνˉμ, is very different, as shown on the right side of Figure 13.2, where now θ is the angle between the e− and νˉμ directions.
(a) At low energy, the total cross section, σtot, for e+e−→νμνˉμ scattering grows with energy, in contrast to the total e+e−→μ+μ− cross section. Show that this is consistent with neutrino scattering being mediated by a massive vector boson, the Z. Deduce how σtot should depend on ECM for the two processes. (b) Place the neutrino in a Dirac spinor ψν. There are two possible couplings we could write down for the ν to the new massive gauge boson: gVψˉνZψν+gAψˉνZγ5ψν. These are called vector and axial-vector couplings, respectively. Assume the Z couples to the electron in the same way as it couples to neutrinos. Calculate the full angular dependence for e+e−→νμνˉμ as a function of gV and gA (you can drop masses). (c) What values of gV and gA reproduce Figure 13.2? Show that this choice is equivalent to the Z boson having chiral couplings: it only interacts with left-handed fields. Argue that this is evidence of parity violation, where the parity operator P is reflection in a mirror: x→−x. (d) An easier way to see parity violation is in β-decay. This is mediated by charged gauge bosons, the W±, that are "unified" with the Z. Assuming they have the same chiral couplings as the Z, draw a diagram to show that the electron coming out of 2760Co→2860Ni+e−+νˉ will always be left-handed, independent of the spin of the cobalt nucleus. What handedness would the positron be in anti-cobalt decay: 2760Co→2860Ni+e++ν? (e) If you are talking to aliens on the telephone (i.e. with light only), tell them how to use nuclear β-decay to tell clockwise from counterclockwise. For this, you will need to figure out how to relate the L in ψL to "left" in the real world. You are allowed to assume that all the materials on Earth are available to them, including things such as cobalt, and lasers.
(f) If you meet those aliens, and put out your right hand to greet them, but they put out their left hand, why should you not shake? (This scenario is due to Feynman.) (g) Now forget about neutrinos. Could you have the aliens distinguish right from left by actually sending them circularly polarized light, for example using polarized radio waves for your intergalactic telephone?
13.7 One should be very careful with polarization sums and in giving physical interpretations to individual Feynman diagrams. This problem illustrates some of the dangers. (a) We saw that the t-channel diagram for Compton scattering scales as Mt∼t1. Calculate ∣Mt∣2 summed over spins and polarizations. Be sure to sum over physical transverse polarizations only. (b) Calculate ∣Mt∣2 summed over spins and polarizations, but do the sum by replacing ϵμϵν⋆ by −gμν. Show that you get a different answer from part (a). Why is the answer different? (c) Show that when you sum over all the diagrams you get the same answer whether you sum over physical polarizations or use the ϵμϵν⋆→−gμν replacement. Why is the answer the same? (d) Repeat this exercise for scalar QED.