8.3 Starting with eq. (8.13), verify eq. (8.12). Note that the time derivatives in the Klein-Gordon wave operator can act on either the field (which obeys the Klein-Gordon equation) or the time-ordering step functions.
⟨0∣Tφ(x1)φ(x2)∣0⟩=i1δJ(x1)δi1δJ(x2)δZ0(J)J=0=i1δJ(x1)δ[∫d4x′Δ(x2−x′)J(x′)]Z0(J)J=0=[i1Δ(x2−x1)+(term with J’s)]Z0(J)J=0=i1Δ(x2−x1).(8.15)
8.5 The retarded and advanced Green's functions for the Klein-Gordon wave operator satisfy Δret(x−y)=0 for x0≥y0 and Δadv(x−y)=0 for x0≤y0. Find the pole prescriptions on the right-hand side of eq. (8.11) that yield these Green's functions.
注:题目描述中写道“Δret(x−y)=0 for x0≥y0”和“Δadv(x−y)=0 for x0≤y0”,这与标准物理定义恰好相反(属于该教材早期版本中常见的印刷笔误)。下面的推导将基于标准物理因果律(即推迟函数在过去为零,超前函数在未来为零)来寻找极点处方。如果严格按照题目字面条件,只需将最终两者的处方互换即可。
为了处理分母中的极点并分离实虚部,我们需要使用复分析中的 Sokhotski–Plemelj 定理(狄拉克恒等式):
x+iϵ1=P(x1)−iπδ(x)
其中 P 表示柯西主值(Cauchy principal value)。将该恒等式应用于传播子的分母:
k2−m2+iϵ1=P(k2−m21)−iπδ(k2−m2)
8.7 Repeat the analysis of this section for the complex scalar field that was introduced in problem 3.5, and further studied in problem 5.1. Write your source term in the form J†φ+Jφ†, and find an explicit formula, analogous to eq. (8.10), for Z0(J†,J). Write down the appropriate generalization of eq. (8.14), and use it to compute ⟨0∣Tφ(x1)φ(x2)∣0⟩, ⟨0∣Tφ†(x1)φ(x2)∣0⟩, and ⟨0∣Tφ†(x1)φ†(x2)∣0⟩. Then verify your results by using the method of problem 8.4. Finally, give the appropriate generalization of eq. (8.17).
8.8 A harmonic oscillator (in units with m=ℏ=1) has a ground-state wave function ⟨q∣0⟩∝e−ωq2/2. Now consider a real scalar field φ(x), and define a field eigenstate∣A⟩ that obeys
φ(x,0)∣A⟩=A(x)∣A⟩,(8.18)
where the function A(x) is everywhere real. For a free-field theory specified by the hamiltonian of eq. (8.1), Show that the ground-state wave functional is